ch 3 Flashcards
give me 3 names of applications.
banking
control and measurement
booking
retail robotics
number plate recognition
GPS
VR & AR & AI
modeling
expert system
control
controls a device based on a sensor reading
sensor
measure physical quantities
Examples: temperature, humidity,
moisture, light, pressure, water level,
proximity, contact, contact, sound,
PH, oxygen, carbon dioxide, wind
speed, wind direction
ADC
converts analog signals from sensor to
digital signal for processor
processor
receives reading from sensor compares it with preset value and gives a signal to control device to switch on/off
control device
Examples: light bulb, LED, buzzer,
alarm, cooler, heater, fan, sprinkler,
pump, motor/actuator
measurement
stores sensor readings for statistics, charts, stc
computer
store readings for later
use: calculations, predictions, charts, statistics
Advantages of sensors rather than humans
More accurate readings
More frequent readings
Can work 24 hours without breaks or shifts
Faster response than humans
Can work in conditions dangerous or unsuitable for humans
Can take more than one reading at the same time
Sensors will not forget to take readings
online banking
what can and can’t do
Can:
Check balance
Transfer money from account to account
Change personal information
View transaction details / bank statement
Report stolen card
Cannot:
Withdraw cash
Deposit cash
Cash a cheque
Open a new account
Close an existing account
phone banking
what can you do and not do
Can:
-Check balance
-Transfer money from account to account
-Change personal information
-Report stolen card
Cannot:
-Withdraw cash
-Deposit cash
-Cash a cheque
-Open a new account
-Close an existing account
phone compared to
online
may wait on hold
cost of call (especially if travelling)
cost to bank running (employee salary)
no hacking
Advantages and disadvantages of
online banking to customers
saves time and cost of transportation
available 24 hrs
suitable for physically disabled people
who find it difficult to leave their
homes
available from anywhere (while travelling)
risk of hacking and defraud
users need good Internet connection
higher risk of making mistakes
cannot withdraw or deposit cash
Advantages and disadvantages of
online banking to bank
saves cost of rent (fewer branches)
saves cost of salaries (fewer
employees)
wider range of customers (disabled /
far-away / 24 hrs availability)
less risk of physical robbery
initial cost of creating secure website
need to train employees
cost of system maintenance
Advantages and
diadvantages of ATM
-more widely available than bank branches
-available when banks are closed
-choice of language
-Can use ATM of any bank to withdraw cash
-Don’t have to wait in line in ATM like in bank branches
-Not all services are available in ATM
-There is a daily limit on amount of cash withdrawn from ATM
ATM
can:
Withdraw cash
Deposit cash / cheque
Check account balance
Printing mini statements
Mobile recharge (top up)
Bill paying
Money transfer
cannot:
open a new account
close an old account
Cheques
- cheque is verified by making sure it is Not fake, Signed
- collect printed info
o Account number of payer
o Bank & branch code of payer
o Cheque serial number - collect hanwritten info
o Amount and Due date
o Name of recipient
o Signature of payer - When due date of the cheque has arrived:
o bank makes sure that the amount of money is available in the payer’s account
o Decrease balance of payer’s account and Increase balance of recipient’s account
o Send bank statements to both customers
Advantages of using robots in manufacturing
Increase in production (robots don’t need breaks like humans)
Consistency in production (exact same product every time)
Monthly salaries for human workers are saved
Dangerous tasks are carried out without the need of life insurance for humans
Fewer mistakes / greater accuracy
Disadvantages of using robots in manufacturing
High initial cost of robots
Training workers who will be still present after robots are introduced
High running cost of maintenance of robots
Robots cannot react in unexpected situations
online shopping
Advantages and disadvantages to customers
saves time and cost of transportation
available 24 hrs
suitable for physically disabled people who find it
difficult to leave homes
can shop from abroad
wider variety of products
easy to compare prices
risk of hacking and defraud
quality not guaranteed
cost of shipping/customs
difficult to refund
needs Internet connection & credit card
online shopping
Advantages and disadvantages to shops
saves cost on rent (fewer branches)
saves cost of salaries (fewer employees)
method of advertisement
wider range of customers (disabled / far away
/ 24 hrs availability)
less risk of physical robbery
loss of customer loyalty
initial cost of secure website
cost of maintaining and securing the website
need to train employees
Updating stock file when product is sold
The barcode is scanned by the barcode reader (or typed in manually)
The products table is searched to find this barcode
When found:
The corresponding number in stock is decreased by
the amount sold
Checking whether reorder is necessary
Number in stock is compared with reorder level
If number in stock is less than reorder level:
Reorder is necessary
Reordering products that are low in stock
The reorder quantity corresponding to the product is read
The supplier ID corresponding to the product is read
The supplier table is searched for this supplier ID
When found:
The corresponding contact details are used to contact the supplier
The quantity to be ordered was previously read from the products table
Products are flagged as ordered
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
System used to detect the position of the user
Signals (radio waves) sent from device to satellite
Signals (radio waves) sent from satellite to
device
Device calculates the distance from satellite
At least 3 satellites are used to detect an
accurate Location
Navigation
GPS is main a component of satnav
used in routing to destinations
examples:
in cars or by walkers or by runners to calculate distance run or in ships or in aircraft
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Adds layers of data to maps
Allows the user to analyze data according to location (in order to take decisions)
Users can edit map data Works with GPS
Uses:
weather forecasting
sales analysis
crime patterns
traffic information
population forecasting
Artificial intelligence (AI)
It is a technology by which a program
updates itself automatically and to
perform tasks similar to learning and
decision making in humans
Augmented reality
Virtual objects overlaid on real world environments
Use a photo as an item in a search engine
Virtual reality
3-D Artificial environment generated by software
It uses goggles, suits, helmets and gloves to
interact
It gives the human the feeling of reality by
simulating senses such as vision, hearing, touch and smell
Modeling
A model is created prior to creating a real thing in order to test / avoid errors in reality, examples include:
CAD (modeling buildings or machinery)
simulations (modeling situations and training people before being placed in the real scenario)
financial models (calculations of expected profit or loss to avoid financial losses in a project)
Modeling Benefits:
Fewer errors in final version of real item as errors would have been resolved
in model
Saves money as it saves on resources
Safer to run a computer model rather than risking human life
Different scenarios/what ifs can be carried out which may happen in real
life/to experiment
Some situations will be very difficult to test in real life
modeling Challenges:
Models can only test situations which are expected / in reality some
situations may be not expected
Humans in a model will not react the same way they will do in a real-
life dangerous situation
Creating models consume time, delay in start of creating the real thing
Models usually require specialist to be done (cost)
Automatic number plate recognition system (ANPR)
*It is used to read the number plates on cars
* A sensor detects a vehicle
* It sends a signal to the processor to instruct the camera to capture an image for the car
* A program is used to isolate the number plate from the image
* The brightness and contrast is adjusted to separate each character in the plate
* Each character is recognized using OCR then it is stored in the database
* The car park barrier is raised and the driver receives a ticket showing the date and time
Expert systems
An expert system is a system that stores the knowledge of a human expert, so that it can later be asked questions & give answers to them.
Some examples of Expert systems
Medical system, Car fault diagnostics, Plant species identification, Rock identification, Mineral exploration, Chess games, Weather forecasting, Tax calculation
adv of expert system
Help the expert give more accurate results
More consistent results; not affected by emotional reasoning
Faster to produce results
Uses data from many experts so contains more knowledge than single
expert
Cheaper than employing multiple experts
Updating expert system is cheaper and more frequent than regularly
training experts
Disadvantages of expert system
Lack common sense in the decision making process
Initial cost of creating the system
If the knowledge base or rules base contain errors it will mislead the
expert to an incorrect result
Must be regularly updated
Experts must be trained to use it
Effects of ICT At work
Employment:
some new jobs were introduced :
technicians
programmers
webpage designers
delivery drivers
some jobs were outdated :
workers in factories
replaced by robots
secretaries
accountants
payroll workers
Working patterns
Part-time:
fewer hours per day or fewer days per
week than full time
Flexible working:
the ability to choose the start and
finish times but they must complete a
full day’s work (requires agreement
with employer)
Job sharing:
a full time job between 2 part time
workers; one in the mornings and the
other the afternoons (both workers
are doing the same job)
Compressed hours:
work their full hours per week but for
fewer days (40 hours in 4 days rather than 5 days)
Work from home:
Employee working from home using the Internet
Effects of ICT at home
Microprocessor
controlled devices
More leisure time
More time to work (full time
instead of part time)
Can leave home while household
tasks (cooking & washing) are
being done by equipment
More secure lifestyle (due to
presence of automatic alarms)
Automatic lighting systems can
reduce risk of injury
People have become lazy as they
are more dependent on equipment
Lack of exercise
Manual household skills are lost
Un healthy lifestyle due to
dependency on ready meals
Cost of purchase and maintenance
of devices
Smart homes
(internet)
-Can control devices remotely
-Switch on/off devices before
getting home or after leaving
-Smart fridge can send
reminders to buy products
when running out
-Security systems connected to
the internet enable
monitoring the home while outside
-Smart television enables
streaming of content to watch
at any time & playing online
games
-Needs stable internet
connection
-High initial cost &
maintenance of devices
-Must have a smart phone with
internet connection
-Risk of viruses installed on
devices may cause
malfunction
-Risk of hacking devices like
burglar alarms/security
cameras
Eye strain
Cause:
Staring at computer screens for a long time
Prevention:
* Use anti-glare screen
* Use flat screens
* Improve surrounding lighting
* Reduce screen brightness
* Maintain appropriate distance between screen and eyes
* Take regular breaks
Back pain
Cause:
Sitting in a wrong position in front of the
computer for a long time
prevention:
* Sit in an upright position
* Use ergonomic chair
* Take regular breaks
Neck pain
Cause:
Looking up or down at the screen
prevention:
* Sitting on an adjustable chair so screen is at eye level
* Take regular breaks
Repetitive Strain
Injuries (RSI)
cause:
Long use of mouse
(pain in wrist)
prevention:
* Use wrist rest
* Use ergonomic mouse
* Take regular breaks
Repetitive Strain
Injuries (RSI)
cause:
Long use of keyboard
(pain in wrist)
prevention:
* Use ergonomic keyboard
* Use hand exercises
* Use voice commands
* Take regular breaks
Repetitive Strain
Injuries (RSI)
Cause:
Repetitive clicking on mouse
(pain in fingers)
Prevention:
* Use hand exercises
* Use voice commands
* Take regular breaks
Repetitive Strain
Injuries (RSI)
Cause:
Long typing on mobile phone or PDA or use of joystick (pain in thumb)
prevention:
* Use hand exercises
* Use voice commands
* Take regular breaks
Ozone irritation /
respiratory problems
Cause:
Sitting too close to a laser printer for a long time
prevention:
* Proper room ventilation
* Laser printer placed in printer room
* Change type of printer
Tripping over cables
prevention:
Keep wires in underground ducts
Risk of electric shock
prevention:
Keep wires well insulated
Avoid drinks in presence of computers
Risk of fire
prevention;
Don’t overload sockets
Avoid overheating of equipment
Do not cover the cooling vents on computer equipment
Have CO2 fire extinguishers
People trapped in emergencies
prevention:
Keep computers in a U-shape and well-spaced to enable easy exit
Injuries due to equipment falling
prevention:
Use strong desks / use large desks / secure equipment to wall or floor or desk
Copyright
A law to prevent software from being sold,
copied, distributed or updated any without
its owner’s (author) permission.
Methods by which companies try to protect copyrights:
Selling their software on a CD-ROM/DVD-
ROM with the name of the company printed
on the CD as a hologram
Each copy has its own unique serial key to
be entered during installation
Connect to the internet during installation to
make sure that this serial key has not been
used before on another computer
The software will not be installed unless the
CD/DVD/flash memory is in the drive (to
avoid copying the contents of the CD and
installing from the copy)
Dongle that must be plugged in to install
(license key stored on dongle)
Data Protection Act
Data protection Act is a law to protect
personal data handled by organizations
(example: school, hospital, club) from
misuse
how to protection act work
Do not keep data longer than required
Do not collect data that is not required
Do not pass on the data to anyone without
the owner’s permission
Only certain employees can view the data
and handle it
Keep the data safe and secure (encryption,
firewall, password)
Only use the data for the reasons given to
the owner
Keep the data up to date
Netiquette
Short for internet etiquette, set of rules that need to be respected when communicating over the internet
netiquette
examples:
Don’t be abusive
Don’t send spam or repeatedly send the
same information to the same person
Respect peoples’ privacy, don’t share
personal information about anyone without
permission
Don’t use capital letters; it’s considered
shouting
Don’t plagiarize, always acknowledge source
of any information used
Check spelling and grammar, gives a good
impression
Don’t send inappropriate content, disturbing
for others and not respectful
When sending emails confirm the recipient
to make sure the email is not delivered to
someone else
