Ch. 3

Question 1

Biological Psychologists/Neuroscientists

Answer 1

Study the brain and behavior

Question 2

The brain

Answer 2

-complex
-100 bill neurons for specialized communication

Question 3

Phrenology

Answer 3

Exploration of shape, size, and protrusions of the brain

Question 4

What did phrenology believe?

Answer 4

-sole mind organ
-inherited traits + intelligence
-differences in people = differences in brains
-different sections grow when used more

Question 5

Electrical stimulation

Answer 5

electrically stimulating brain during neurosurgery

Question 6

Wilder Penfield

Answer 6

-neurosurgeon
-founded electrical stimulation
-mapped the brain
-found neurons communicate electrically

Question 7

Lesion or damage study

Answer 7

-psychological study assessing brain damage in specific areas noting defects

Question 8

What did the lesion model learn

Answer 8

-helped understand impairment from brain damage

Question 9

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 9

recording brains electrical activity on the surface of the skull

Question 10

Electrical stimulation recording (advantages)

Answer 10

-non-invasive
-high temporal resolution

Question 11

Electrical stimulation recording (Disadvantages)

Answer 11

-doesn’t say individual brain activity
-Doesn’t accurately represent brain region activity

Question 12

Computed tomography (CT scan)

Answer 12

multiple x-rays building a 3D brain image

Question 13

CT advantages

Answer 13

good to detect dense brain tissue

Question 14

CT disadvantage

Answer 14

-produces a static image
-no detailed activity over time

Question 15

Positron emission tomography (PET scan)

Answer 15

uses trace amounts of short lived radioactive material to map brain function

Question 16

PET advantage

Answer 16

attaches and highlights radioactive isotopes to drugs to see where they’re used

Question 17

PET disadvantages

Answer 17

-invasive
-poor time course
-poor spatial resolution

Question 18

Structural MRI

Answer 18

uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure

Question 19

MRI advantages

Answer 19

-better to detect soft tissue than CT
- higher spatial resolution than CT

Question 20

MRI disadvantages

Answer 20

-expensive
-invasive
-poor time course
-not great spatial resolution

Question 21

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer 21

detects changes in blood oxygenation + flow occurring in response to neural activity

Question 22

fMRI advantages

Answer 22

-can see activity with good image clarity over time
-many pictures rapidly

Question 23

fMRI disadvantages

Answer 23

-less precise spatial resolution then EEG
-poor temporal resolution (better then PET/CT)
-expensive

Question 24

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer 24

measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain

Question 25

MEG advantages

Answer 25

-good temporal resolution -decent spatial resolution

Question 26

MEG disadvantages

Answer 26

-not good detection of deep brain activity -expensive requires high degree of technical expertise

Question 27

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Answer 27

battery powered electrodes implanted in brain providing electrical stimulus in certain areas

Question 28

DBS advantages

Answer 28

can treat neuropsychological conditions and assess brain activity

Question 29

DBS disadvantages

Answer 29

-invasive (requires neurosurgery) -researchers have no control over electrode implant position -must be used for medical purposes

Question 30

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 30

applies a strong fast changing electric signal to the skull surface that enhances or disrupts brain function

Question 31

TMS advantages

Answer 31

-active inhibition of neural function for moments (causality)

Question 32

TMS disadvantage

Answer 32

-can cause seizures if used incorrectly -only operates on outer layers of brain (cortex)

Question 33

Localization of function

Answer 33

Term for when certain brain areas are active during specific psychological tasks

Question 34

Localization of function example

Answer 34

Broca's area