ch 3 Flashcards
1
Q
determines the form and functions of the human body and is the basic living unit of all organisms
A
Cell
2
Q
- movement of materials into cells by the formation of a vesicle
- process of cellular ingestion by which the plasma membrane folds inward to form a vesicle containing the material to be taken into the cell
A
Endocytosis
3
Q
- higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than the cytoplasm of the
cell - H2O moves from the cell into the hypertonic solution
→ cell shrinkage, or crenation
A
Hypertonic solution
4
Q
contain enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
A
Peroxisomes
5
Q
measure of the tendency of H2O to move by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane
A
Osmotic Pressure
6
Q
Bounded by a nuclear envelope, which consists of outer and inner membranes
A
Nucleus
7
Q
selectively determines what can pass in and out of the cell
A
Cell membrane
8
Q
Types of Osmotic Solutions
A
Hypotonic solution
Isotonic solution
Hypertonic solution
9
Q
site RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly
A
Nucleus
10
Q
contains materials produced in the cell
A
Secretory Vesicle
11
Q
exhibits specificity - only specific molecules are transported by the carriers
A
Carrier-Mediated Transport
12
Q
- diffusion of a transported substance (Na+) down its concentration gradient that provides the energy to transport a second substance, (glucose), across the cell membrane
A
Secondary Active Transport
13
Q
diffuse bodies with no surrounding membrane that are found within the nucleus; consist of RNA and proteins
A
Nucleus
14
Q
contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and nucleoli
A
Nucleus
15
Q
directed toward the fluid environment either outside or inside the cell
A
polar hydrophilic region
16
Q
the transport of large, water-soluble molecules or electrically-charged ions across a membrane by means of a carrier molecule
A
Carrier-Mediated Transport
17
Q
sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly
A
Nucleus
18
Q
Nucleus contains ____ pairs of chromosomes
A
23
19
Q
difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density
A
Concentration gradient
20
Q
- moves substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration to those of higher concentration against a concentration gradient
- requires ATP
A
Active Transport
21
Q
solid particles are ingested
(endo)
A
Phagocytosis
22
Q
Types of Endocytosis
A
Phagocytosis (cell-eating)
Pinocytosis (cell-drinking)
Receptor–mediated endocytosis
23
Q
a substance that dissolves a solute
A
Solvent
24
Q
site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis
A
Mitochondrion
25
- does not require the cell to expend energy
- requires no metabolic energy from the cell but solely on the physical properties of the substances themselves
passive membrane transport
26
a homogenous mixture composed of two or more substances
solution
27
participates in detoxification
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
28
each phospholipid molecule is directed toward the center of the membrane
nonpolar hydrophobic region
29
Phospholipids contain 2 regions:
polar, phosphatecontaining ends (hydrophilic) and nonpolar, fatty acid ends
(hydrophobic)
30
increase surface area of certain cells
Microvilli
31
formed by Golgi Apparatus; secreted by exocytosis
Secretory Vesicle
32
contains the cell’s genetic material
nucleus
33
* moves substances across the cell membrane from an area
of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration of
that substance
* ATP is not required
Facilitated Diffusion
34
facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division
Centrioles
35
FUNCTIONS:
-encloses the cell
- supports the cell contents
- acts as a selective barrier that determines what moves into and
out of the cell
- plays a role in communication between cells
Plasma membrane
36
force required to prevent the movement of H2O across a selectively
permeable membrane
Osmotic Pressure
37
- consist of DNA and proteins
- the chromosomes are loosely coiled and collectively called chromatin
Nucleus
38
movement/transport of a substance into the cell after binding with the receptor molecule
(endo)
Receptor–mediated endocytosis
39
- movement out of cells by vesicles
- allows the release/secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation
Exocytosis
40
has many ribosomes attached; site of protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
41
encloses the cytoplasm and forms the boundary between material inside the cell and material outside it
Plasma membrane
42
Made of phospholipids that form a double layer of molecules
Plasma membrane
43
equal concentrations of various solutes and water on both sides of the cell membrane
- cell neither shrinks nor swells
Isotonic solution
44
site of lipid synthesis
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
45
diffusion of water (a solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane (cell membrane) from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration
Osmosis
46
move substances over surfaces of certain cells
Cilia
47
site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes (membrane bound)
free ribosome
48
substance dissolved in another substance; the chemical dissolved in a
solution
Solute
49
propel sperm cells
Flagella
50
found in higher concentrations OUTSIDE the cell
Sodium, calcium, and chloride
51
move in opposite directions
(S.A.T)
counter transport
52
both substances move in the same direction
(S.A.T)
cotransport
53
does require the cell to expend energy, usually in the form of ATP
active membrane transport
54
supports cytoplasm; assists in cell division and forms components of
cilia and flagella
Microtubule
55
Centrioles facilitate the movement of _______ during cell division
chromosomes
56
contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell
Lysosome
57
FUNCTIONS:
* Cell metabolism and energy use
* Synthesis of molecules
* Communication
* Reproduction and inheritance
Cell
58
modifies protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
59
-living material surrounding the nucleus
-jelly-like fluid that fills a cell
-material between cell membrane and the nucleus
-contains many types of organelles
cytoplasm
60
found in higher concentrations INSIDE the cell
Enzymes, glycogen, and potassium
61
it is a highly organized unit and mostly specialized to perform specific functions
Cell
62
tendency for solutes (ions or molecules) to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration of that solute in a solution
diffusion
63
- lower concentration of solutes & higher conc. of H2O than the cytoplasm of the cell
- Solution has less osmotic pressure than the cell
- H2O moves into cell → swell → rupture (lysis)
Hypotonic solution
64
- intake of liquid particles
Pinocytosis
65
- allows the release/secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation
Exocytosis
66
ribosomes that are not attached to any organelle
free ribosomes
67
• where proteins are produced
• The protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell
• May be attached to other organelles (ER)
ribosomes
68
series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
69
studded with ribosomes; transport channel for protein synthesized by the ribosomes; a major site of protein synthesis
rough endoplasmic reticulum
70
without ribosomes; major site of lipid synthesis; detoxification of chemicals within cells
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
71
a series of closely packed membrane sacs that collect, modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids produced by the ER
golgi apparatus
72
membrane-bound sacs that carry substances from the Golgi apparatus to the cell membrane, where the vesicle contents are released
Secretory Vesicles
73
contain enzymes that break down phagocytized material or destroy foreign materials
lysosomes
74
Primary vs. Secondary Lysosomes
**PRIMARY**
• membrane-bound sac which buds from Golgi Apparatus
• smaller
• inactive digestive enzyme
• digestion ❌️
• unable to eliminate content to outside of the cell
**SECONDARY**
• combination of primary lysosome and ER
• larger
• active digestive enzyme
• digestion ✔️
• can to eliminate content to outside of the cell
75
cytoskeletons
microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
76
cell’s framework that are made of proteins
cytoskeletons
77
supports the cell, holds organelles in place, enables cell to change shape
cytoskeletons
78
- largest diameter
- support the cytoplasm of cells, assist in cell
division, and form essential components of cilia and flagella
microtubules
79
- smallest diameter
- involved with cell movement
microfilaments
80
- smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger in diameter than microfilaments
- provide mechanical support to the cell
intermediate filaments
81
located in the centrosome and are made of microtubules
centrioles
82
forms spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during cell division
centrioles
83
facilitates chromosome movement during cell division
centrioles
84
small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus
centrosome
85
serves to organize microtubules; hence, it is called as microtubule organizing center
centrosome
86
Project from the cells surface
cilia
87
• Vary in number & capable of moving
• move substances over surfaces of certain cells
cilia
88
• Longer than cilia and usually occur only 1 per cell
• Found on sperm cell surface
• Propel sperm cells
flagella
89
• do not actively move as cilia and flagella do
• abundant on the surface of cells that line the intestine, kidney, and other areas in which absorption is an important function
microvili
90
• increase surface area of certain cells and thus, aid in absorption
microvili
91
**WHOLE CELL ACTIVITY**
• A cell’s characteristics are ultimately determined by the types of proteins it produces, which are determined by the
genetic information in the nucleus
• Understanding how genetic information is used in the cell and distributed to daughter cells is important for understanding basic cellular activity
92
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
93
• long molecule that contains our unique genetic code
• holds the instructions for making all the proteins in our bodies
DNA
94
four basic building blocks or bases
adenine (A)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
thymine (T)
95
The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism
DNA
96
DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called _____
base pairs
97
Each base is also attached to a _____ molecule and a _____ molecule
sugar
phosphate
