First law of thermodynamics?
Law of conservation of energy
Second law of thermodyamics?
Law of entropy
What is the equation for enthalpy?
ΔH = ΔE + PΔV
What is the equation for Gibbs free energy?
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
What is the difference betwen exergonic/endergonic and exothermic/endothermic?
Gonic = Free energy related Thermic = Enthalpy (heat) related
Which equation do you use to find the free energy change for a reaction in the body?
ΔG = ΔG°’ - RTlnQ
What is ΔG°’?
Standard free energy under physiological conditions with all reactants and products present at 1M concentration except H+ and a pH of 7
What is the standard free energy equation in physiological conditions?
ΔG°’ = -RTlnK’eq
What is Ea?
Activation energy - energy needed to produce the transition state in a reaction
What is a catalyst?
Something that lowers the Ea by stabilizing the transition state without being consumed in the reaction. They do not affect ΔG
What are the markers of oxidation reaction?
- Gain of oxygen atoms
- Loss of hydrogen atoms
- Loss of electrons
What are the markers of reduction reactions?
- Loss of oxygen atoms
- Gain of hydrogen atoms
- Gain of electrons
What is a key example of oxidative catabolism in the body?
Glucose oxidation
What are Bronsted - Lowry acids? Bases?
Acids- H+ donors
Bases H+ acceptors
What are Lewis acids? Bases?
Acids- Electron acceptors
Bases - Electron donors
How is the strength of acids measured? Bases?
Acid and base-dissociation constants: Ka and Kb. The larger they are the stronger the acid or base, respectively. Formula is [C][D]/[A][B], therefore the more favoured the products are the stronger the acid or base is.
Formula for pH? pOH?
pH = -log[H+} or [H+] = 10^-pH pOH = -log[OH-] or [OH-] = 10^-pOH
Formula for pKa? pKb?
pKa = -logKa and pKb = -logKb
