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Zoolog Bio 202 > Ch. 29 Vertebrates > Flashcards

Ch. 29 Vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are a few characteristics of tetrapods?

A

Bony appendages, most have lungs, shelled eggs or internal development of embryo

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2
Q

What are the different classes included in Superclass Tetrapoda?

A

Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia

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3
Q

What are the orders included in Class Amphibia?

A

Apoda, Urodela/caudata, Anura

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4
Q

What animals are included in order apoda?

A

Caecilians

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5
Q

What are some characteristics of animals in order apoda?

A

Legless w/ small eyes and jaws with teeth. tropical burrowing amphibians

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6
Q

What animals are included in order Anura?

A

Frogs and Toads

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7
Q

What characterizes a frog?

A

Smooth and moist skin, long legs, and live in or near water, order Anura

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8
Q

What characterizes a toad?

A

Bumpy and dry skin, short legs, and most live in dry environments, Order Anura

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9
Q

What characteristics match to those in order Urodela/Caudata?

A

They typically have long bodies with smooth moist skin and tails.

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10
Q

What animals are included in Order Urodela/Caudata?

A

Salamanders and newts

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11
Q

How do animals in order urodele/caudata reproduce?

A

They fertilize their eggs internally

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12
Q

What kind of environment do most animals included in Order Urodela/caudata live in?

A

Moist places

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13
Q

Do larvae in order urodela/caudata undergo metamorphosis?

A

No, there is little to no metamorphosis; larvae similar to adults

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14
Q

How do animals in Order Apoda reproduce?

A

These animals reproduce with internal fertilization

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15
Q

How do animals in Order Anura reproduce?

A

both must deposit their eggs in water, Eggs fertilized externally, eggs hatch into swimming larvae and undergo metamorphosis into adults

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16
Q

What is order Anura?

A

Under Class Amphibia, meaning “without tail” Frogs and toads

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17
Q

What is order Apoda?

A

Under class Amphibia, meaning “Without legs” Caecilians

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18
Q

What is order Urodela/Caudata?

A

Under Class Amphibia, meaning “visible tail” salamanders and newts

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19
Q

What are the main characteristics of Class Amphibia?

A

damp-skinned tetrapods, lungs(or gills) and cutaneous respiration, are Anamniotes like fishes

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20
Q

Who were the first tetrapods to walk on land?

A

Amphibians

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21
Q

What is an ananmiote?

A

Fishes and Amphibians referred to as “lower Vertebrates” which lay their eggs in water

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22
Q

What is an Amniote?

A

An animal whose embryo develops internally or in a hard-shelled egg on land

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23
Q

What animals are amniotes?

A

Reptiles, birds, and mammals

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24
Q

What are the four membranes found in an amniotic egg?

A

Chorion, Amnion, Yolk sac, Allantois

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25
Which amniotic egg membrane is responsible for allowing O^2 entry?
Chorion
26
Which amniotic egg membrane is responsible for providing food to the embryo?
Yolk sac
27
Which amniotic egg membrane is responsible for excreting wastes?
Allantois
28
What membrane in an amniotic cell is a fluid-filled cavity?
Amnion
29
What characterizes animals in Class Reptilia?
Amniotic eggs, dry skin w/scales, Thoracic breathing, they are all ectothermic, reproduce with internal fertilization, they have improved circulation
30
What is an amniotic egg?
Watertight, external shell that contains amniotic fluid that acts as a cushion for the embryo and a yolk sac which provides nutrients for the embryo
31
The advantage of ______ is the prevention of water loss.
Dry skin w/ scales
32
The advantage of ______ is increased lung capacity.
Thoracic breathing
33
What are the four clades of modern Class Reptilia?
Testudines, Splenodontia, Squamata, Crocodilia
34
What animals are in Clade Testudines?
Turtle and tortoises
35
What characterizes animals in Clade Testudines?
Shelled reptiles, Turtles and tortoises, lack teeth but have sharp beaks
36
Where do animals in Testudines lay their eggs?
On land
37
What is the top part of a testudines shell?
Carapace
38
What is the bottom part of a testudines shell?
Plastron
39
What are characteristics of tortoises?
They are terrestrial and have dome-shaped shells
40
What are characteristics of turtles?
They are mostly aquatic and have disc-shaped shells
41
What are the characteristics of Clade Splenodontia(Sphenodotia)?
They are large and lizard-like. Only found on islands near New Zealand, only two living species
42
What special characteristic is found in Tuataras?
Parietal eye, an inconspicuous "third eye" on top of head
43
What animal(s) are found in Clade Splenodontia/Sphenodotia?
two species- Tuataras
44
What animals can be found in Clade Squamata?
Snakes (3000 species) and lizards (3800 species)
45
What animals do these characteristics correlate with? | -legless, hinged jaws (capable of disarticulation), carnivores, some venomous. Class Reptilian-Clade Squamata
Snakes
46
What animals do these characteristics correlate with? | -Most have legs, Carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, and a few are venomous. Class Reptilia-Clade Squamata
Lizards
47
What clade do these characteristics most likely correlate with? -Class Reptilia, live near or in water in tropical and subtropical regions, are typically nocturnal. Resemble birds far more than they do other living reptiles
Clade Crocodilia
48
What type of animal under Clade Crocodilia only has one species in North America?
Crocodiles
49
What are characteristics of Alligators?
Clade Crocodilia. They Only exist in two species- one in souther US; other in China
50
What animal in Clade Crocodilia is only native to Central America?
Caimans
51
What type of Crocodilians are only found in India and Burma?
Gharials
52
What Clade under Class Reptilia are more alike to birds than other reptiles?
Crocodiles
53
What Class is the most numerous and diverse class of all terrestrial vertebrates?
Class Aves
54
What are broad characteristics of Class Aves?
- Retained reptilian traits (shelled eggs &scales on legs and feet) - modified forelimbs - direct descendants of theropod dinosaurs (archaeopteryx)
55
What are two MAJOR distinguishable traits of Class Aves?
1. Feathers (highly modified scales) | 2. Flight skeleton
56
What is the point of feathers on birds?
provide lift for flight and conserve heat
57
What is unique about the flight skeleton of birds?
Thin and hollow bones, many are fused into units (collarbone and keeled breastbone)
58
What are unique characteristics of birds?
1. Efficient respiration 2. Efficient circulation 3. Endothermy 4. Lack teeth
59
What is it referred to when an animal utilizes a unique manner of breathing in which air passes all the way through lungs in a single direction?
Efficient respiration
60
What is the term for when an animal has a rapid heartbeat which allows its muscles to receive fully oxygenated blood?
Efficient circulation
61
What is the physiological generation and regulation of body temperature referred to as? It allows the animal to have a higher metabolic rate.
Endothermy
62
Class Aves lacks teeth, what do they have instead?
Beaks
63
What is a tetrapod?
A vertebrate with FOUR limbs or one that evolved from a four-limbed ancestor
64
What are the challenges faced by terrestrial tetrapods?
Dry- loss of body water from evaporation | Gravity- has a greater effect on land because water provides buoyancy
65
What class is fundamentally distinguishable from all other vertebrates because their traits cause them to have hair and mammary glands?
Class Mammalia
66
What are the long, keratin-rich filaments that extend from follicles?
Hair
67
What are the uses of hair in mammals?
Insulation, camouflage, sensory structure
68
What are the specialized glands found in females of Class Mammalia that secrete milk for feeding offspring?
Mammary glands
69
What is the organ found in animals in Class Mammalia that brings fetal and maternal blood into close contact with each other?
Placenta
70
What are the subclasses of Class Mammalia?
Prototheria, Theria
71
Which subclass of Class Mammalia is the most primitive and lay shelled eggs
Prototheria
72
What group under Class Mammalia consists of the duck-billed platypus, short-nose echidna, the long-nosed echidna, and has a single opening, the cloaca, for the digestive and reproductive tracts?
Monotremes
73
Which subclass of Class Mammalia can be characterized by the birth of live young and consists of Marsupials and Placental mammals?
Subclass Theria
74
What two living groups are found under Subclass Theria?
Marsupials, placental mammals
75
What mammal nourishes from a true placenta throughout its development, forms both fetal and maternal tissue, embryos develop within the mother's uterus, and includes most living mammals?
Placental Mammals
76
What is unique about Marsupial eggs?
has chorion and amnion but no shell, embryo is still nourished by yolk
77
What group under Class Mammalia has babies who crawl into their mother's pouch after birth and attach to the nipple to continue develop?
Marsupials
78
What kind of animals are found in the Marsupial group?
Kangaroo, opossum
79
What special type of marsupial mammal evolved unique features which allowed them to succeed in an arboreal environment?
Primates
80
What two features did primates develop?
Grasping fingers and toes, and Steroscopic vision
81
What is unique about the fingers and toes on primates?
They are grasping digits and the first digit is opposable
82
What is it referred to when the eyes are shifted toward the front of the face?
Stereoscopic vision
83
What group consist of humans and apes and other such animals?
Primates

Zoolog Bio 202 (3 decks)

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