Ch. 29 Vertebrates Flashcards
What are a few characteristics of tetrapods?
Bony appendages, most have lungs, shelled eggs or internal development of embryo
What are the different classes included in Superclass Tetrapoda?
Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia
What are the orders included in Class Amphibia?
Apoda, Urodela/caudata, Anura
What animals are included in order apoda?
Caecilians
What are some characteristics of animals in order apoda?
Legless w/ small eyes and jaws with teeth. tropical burrowing amphibians
What animals are included in order Anura?
Frogs and Toads
What characterizes a frog?
Smooth and moist skin, long legs, and live in or near water, order Anura
What characterizes a toad?
Bumpy and dry skin, short legs, and most live in dry environments, Order Anura
What characteristics match to those in order Urodela/Caudata?
They typically have long bodies with smooth moist skin and tails.
What animals are included in Order Urodela/Caudata?
Salamanders and newts
How do animals in order urodele/caudata reproduce?
They fertilize their eggs internally
What kind of environment do most animals included in Order Urodela/caudata live in?
Moist places
Do larvae in order urodela/caudata undergo metamorphosis?
No, there is little to no metamorphosis; larvae similar to adults
How do animals in Order Apoda reproduce?
These animals reproduce with internal fertilization
How do animals in Order Anura reproduce?
both must deposit their eggs in water, Eggs fertilized externally, eggs hatch into swimming larvae and undergo metamorphosis into adults
What is order Anura?
Under Class Amphibia, meaning “without tail” Frogs and toads
What is order Apoda?
Under class Amphibia, meaning “Without legs” Caecilians
What is order Urodela/Caudata?
Under Class Amphibia, meaning “visible tail” salamanders and newts
What are the main characteristics of Class Amphibia?
damp-skinned tetrapods, lungs(or gills) and cutaneous respiration, are Anamniotes like fishes
Who were the first tetrapods to walk on land?
Amphibians
What is an ananmiote?
Fishes and Amphibians referred to as “lower Vertebrates” which lay their eggs in water
What is an Amniote?
An animal whose embryo develops internally or in a hard-shelled egg on land
What animals are amniotes?
Reptiles, birds, and mammals
What are the four membranes found in an amniotic egg?
Chorion, Amnion, Yolk sac, Allantois
Which amniotic egg membrane is responsible for allowing O^2 entry?
Chorion
Which amniotic egg membrane is responsible for providing food to the embryo?
Yolk sac
Which amniotic egg membrane is responsible for excreting wastes?
Allantois
What membrane in an amniotic cell is a fluid-filled cavity?
Amnion
What characterizes animals in Class Reptilia?
Amniotic eggs, dry skin w/scales, Thoracic breathing, they are all ectothermic, reproduce with internal fertilization, they have improved circulation
What is an amniotic egg?
Watertight, external shell that contains amniotic fluid that acts as a cushion for the embryo and a yolk sac which provides nutrients for the embryo
The advantage of ______ is the prevention of water loss.
Dry skin w/ scales
The advantage of ______ is increased lung capacity.
Thoracic breathing
What are the four clades of modern Class Reptilia?
Testudines, Splenodontia, Squamata, Crocodilia
What animals are in Clade Testudines?
Turtle and tortoises
What characterizes animals in Clade Testudines?
Shelled reptiles, Turtles and tortoises, lack teeth but have sharp beaks
Where do animals in Testudines lay their eggs?
On land
What is the top part of a testudines shell?
Carapace
What is the bottom part of a testudines shell?
Plastron
What are characteristics of tortoises?
They are terrestrial and have dome-shaped shells
What are characteristics of turtles?
They are mostly aquatic and have disc-shaped shells
What are the characteristics of Clade Splenodontia(Sphenodotia)?
They are large and lizard-like. Only found on islands near New Zealand, only two living species
What special characteristic is found in Tuataras?
Parietal eye, an inconspicuous “third eye” on top of head
What animal(s) are found in Clade Splenodontia/Sphenodotia?
two species- Tuataras
What animals can be found in Clade Squamata?
Snakes (3000 species) and lizards (3800 species)
What animals do these characteristics correlate with?
-legless, hinged jaws (capable of disarticulation), carnivores, some venomous. Class Reptilian-Clade Squamata
Snakes
What animals do these characteristics correlate with?
-Most have legs, Carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, and a few are venomous. Class Reptilia-Clade Squamata
Lizards
What clade do these characteristics most likely correlate with?
-Class Reptilia, live near or in water in tropical and subtropical regions, are typically nocturnal. Resemble birds far more than they do other living reptiles
Clade Crocodilia
What type of animal under Clade Crocodilia only has one species in North America?
Crocodiles
What are characteristics of Alligators?
Clade Crocodilia. They Only exist in two species- one in souther US; other in China
What animal in Clade Crocodilia is only native to Central America?
Caimans
What type of Crocodilians are only found in India and Burma?
Gharials
What Clade under Class Reptilia are more alike to birds than other reptiles?
Crocodiles
What Class is the most numerous and diverse class of all terrestrial vertebrates?
Class Aves
What are broad characteristics of Class Aves?
- Retained reptilian traits (shelled eggs &scales on legs and feet)
- modified forelimbs
- direct descendants of theropod dinosaurs (archaeopteryx)
What are two MAJOR distinguishable traits of Class Aves?
- Feathers (highly modified scales)
2. Flight skeleton
What is the point of feathers on birds?
provide lift for flight and conserve heat
What is unique about the flight skeleton of birds?
Thin and hollow bones, many are fused into units (collarbone and keeled breastbone)
What are unique characteristics of birds?
- Efficient respiration
- Efficient circulation
- Endothermy
- Lack teeth
What is it referred to when an animal utilizes a unique manner of breathing in which air passes all the way through lungs in a single direction?
Efficient respiration
What is the term for when an animal has a rapid heartbeat which allows its muscles to receive fully oxygenated blood?
Efficient circulation
What is the physiological generation and regulation of body temperature referred to as? It allows the animal to have a higher metabolic rate.
Endothermy
Class Aves lacks teeth, what do they have instead?
Beaks
What is a tetrapod?
A vertebrate with FOUR limbs or one that evolved from a four-limbed ancestor
What are the challenges faced by terrestrial tetrapods?
Dry- loss of body water from evaporation
Gravity- has a greater effect on land because water provides buoyancy
What class is fundamentally distinguishable from all other vertebrates because their traits cause them to have hair and mammary glands?
Class Mammalia
What are the long, keratin-rich filaments that extend from follicles?
Hair
What are the uses of hair in mammals?
Insulation, camouflage, sensory structure
What are the specialized glands found in females of Class Mammalia that secrete milk for feeding offspring?
Mammary glands
What is the organ found in animals in Class Mammalia that brings fetal and maternal blood into close contact with each other?
Placenta
What are the subclasses of Class Mammalia?
Prototheria, Theria
Which subclass of Class Mammalia is the most primitive and lay shelled eggs
Prototheria
What group under Class Mammalia consists of the duck-billed platypus, short-nose echidna, the long-nosed echidna, and has a single opening, the cloaca, for the digestive and reproductive tracts?
Monotremes
Which subclass of Class Mammalia can be characterized by the birth of live young and consists of Marsupials and Placental mammals?
Subclass Theria
What two living groups are found under Subclass Theria?
Marsupials, placental mammals
What mammal nourishes from a true placenta throughout its development, forms both fetal and maternal tissue, embryos develop within the mother’s uterus, and includes most living mammals?
Placental Mammals
What is unique about Marsupial eggs?
has chorion and amnion but no shell, embryo is still nourished by yolk
What group under Class Mammalia has babies who crawl into their mother’s pouch after birth and attach to the nipple to continue develop?
Marsupials
What kind of animals are found in the Marsupial group?
Kangaroo, opossum
What special type of marsupial mammal evolved unique features which allowed them to succeed in an arboreal environment?
Primates
What two features did primates develop?
Grasping fingers and toes, and Steroscopic vision
What is unique about the fingers and toes on primates?
They are grasping digits and the first digit is opposable
What is it referred to when the eyes are shifted toward the front of the face?
Stereoscopic vision
What group consist of humans and apes and other such animals?
Primates
