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Zoolog Bio 202 > Ch. 29 Vertebrates > Flashcards

Ch. 29 Vertebrates Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are a few characteristics of tetrapods?

A

Bony appendages, most have lungs, shelled eggs or internal development of embryo

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2
Q

What are the different classes included in Superclass Tetrapoda?

A

Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia

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3
Q

What are the orders included in Class Amphibia?

A

Apoda, Urodela/caudata, Anura

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4
Q

What animals are included in order apoda?

A

Caecilians

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5
Q

What are some characteristics of animals in order apoda?

A

Legless w/ small eyes and jaws with teeth. tropical burrowing amphibians

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6
Q

What animals are included in order Anura?

A

Frogs and Toads

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7
Q

What characterizes a frog?

A

Smooth and moist skin, long legs, and live in or near water, order Anura

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8
Q

What characterizes a toad?

A

Bumpy and dry skin, short legs, and most live in dry environments, Order Anura

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9
Q

What characteristics match to those in order Urodela/Caudata?

A

They typically have long bodies with smooth moist skin and tails.

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10
Q

What animals are included in Order Urodela/Caudata?

A

Salamanders and newts

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11
Q

How do animals in order urodele/caudata reproduce?

A

They fertilize their eggs internally

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12
Q

What kind of environment do most animals included in Order Urodela/caudata live in?

A

Moist places

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13
Q

Do larvae in order urodela/caudata undergo metamorphosis?

A

No, there is little to no metamorphosis; larvae similar to adults

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14
Q

How do animals in Order Apoda reproduce?

A

These animals reproduce with internal fertilization

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15
Q

How do animals in Order Anura reproduce?

A

both must deposit their eggs in water, Eggs fertilized externally, eggs hatch into swimming larvae and undergo metamorphosis into adults

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16
Q

What is order Anura?

A

Under Class Amphibia, meaning “without tail” Frogs and toads

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17
Q

What is order Apoda?

A

Under class Amphibia, meaning “Without legs” Caecilians

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18
Q

What is order Urodela/Caudata?

A

Under Class Amphibia, meaning “visible tail” salamanders and newts

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19
Q

What are the main characteristics of Class Amphibia?

A

damp-skinned tetrapods, lungs(or gills) and cutaneous respiration, are Anamniotes like fishes

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20
Q

Who were the first tetrapods to walk on land?

A

Amphibians

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21
Q

What is an ananmiote?

A

Fishes and Amphibians referred to as “lower Vertebrates” which lay their eggs in water

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22
Q

What is an Amniote?

A

An animal whose embryo develops internally or in a hard-shelled egg on land

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23
Q

What animals are amniotes?

A

Reptiles, birds, and mammals

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24
Q

What are the four membranes found in an amniotic egg?

A

Chorion, Amnion, Yolk sac, Allantois

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25
Q

Which amniotic egg membrane is responsible for allowing O^2 entry?

A

Chorion

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26
Q

Which amniotic egg membrane is responsible for providing food to the embryo?

A

Yolk sac

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27
Q

Which amniotic egg membrane is responsible for excreting wastes?

A

Allantois

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28
Q

What membrane in an amniotic cell is a fluid-filled cavity?

A

Amnion

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29
Q

What characterizes animals in Class Reptilia?

A

Amniotic eggs, dry skin w/scales, Thoracic breathing, they are all ectothermic, reproduce with internal fertilization, they have improved circulation

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30
Q

What is an amniotic egg?

A

Watertight, external shell that contains amniotic fluid that acts as a cushion for the embryo and a yolk sac which provides nutrients for the embryo

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31
Q

The advantage of ______ is the prevention of water loss.

A

Dry skin w/ scales

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32
Q

The advantage of ______ is increased lung capacity.

A

Thoracic breathing

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33
Q

What are the four clades of modern Class Reptilia?

A

Testudines, Splenodontia, Squamata, Crocodilia

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34
Q

What animals are in Clade Testudines?

A

Turtle and tortoises

35
Q

What characterizes animals in Clade Testudines?

A

Shelled reptiles, Turtles and tortoises, lack teeth but have sharp beaks

36
Q

Where do animals in Testudines lay their eggs?

A

On land

37
Q

What is the top part of a testudines shell?

A

Carapace

38
Q

What is the bottom part of a testudines shell?

A

Plastron

39
Q

What are characteristics of tortoises?

A

They are terrestrial and have dome-shaped shells

40
Q

What are characteristics of turtles?

A

They are mostly aquatic and have disc-shaped shells

41
Q

What are the characteristics of Clade Splenodontia(Sphenodotia)?

A

They are large and lizard-like. Only found on islands near New Zealand, only two living species

42
Q

What special characteristic is found in Tuataras?

A

Parietal eye, an inconspicuous “third eye” on top of head

43
Q

What animal(s) are found in Clade Splenodontia/Sphenodotia?

A

two species- Tuataras

44
Q

What animals can be found in Clade Squamata?

A

Snakes (3000 species) and lizards (3800 species)

45
Q

What animals do these characteristics correlate with?

-legless, hinged jaws (capable of disarticulation), carnivores, some venomous. Class Reptilian-Clade Squamata

A

Snakes

46
Q

What animals do these characteristics correlate with?

-Most have legs, Carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, and a few are venomous. Class Reptilia-Clade Squamata

A

Lizards

47
Q

What clade do these characteristics most likely correlate with?
-Class Reptilia, live near or in water in tropical and subtropical regions, are typically nocturnal. Resemble birds far more than they do other living reptiles

A

Clade Crocodilia

48
Q

What type of animal under Clade Crocodilia only has one species in North America?

A

Crocodiles

49
Q

What are characteristics of Alligators?

A

Clade Crocodilia. They Only exist in two species- one in souther US; other in China

50
Q

What animal in Clade Crocodilia is only native to Central America?

A

Caimans

51
Q

What type of Crocodilians are only found in India and Burma?

A

Gharials

52
Q

What Clade under Class Reptilia are more alike to birds than other reptiles?

A

Crocodiles

53
Q

What Class is the most numerous and diverse class of all terrestrial vertebrates?

A

Class Aves

54
Q

What are broad characteristics of Class Aves?

A
  • Retained reptilian traits (shelled eggs &scales on legs and feet)
  • modified forelimbs
  • direct descendants of theropod dinosaurs (archaeopteryx)
55
Q

What are two MAJOR distinguishable traits of Class Aves?

A
  1. Feathers (highly modified scales)

2. Flight skeleton

56
Q

What is the point of feathers on birds?

A

provide lift for flight and conserve heat

57
Q

What is unique about the flight skeleton of birds?

A

Thin and hollow bones, many are fused into units (collarbone and keeled breastbone)

58
Q

What are unique characteristics of birds?

A
  1. Efficient respiration
  2. Efficient circulation
  3. Endothermy
  4. Lack teeth
59
Q

What is it referred to when an animal utilizes a unique manner of breathing in which air passes all the way through lungs in a single direction?

A

Efficient respiration

60
Q

What is the term for when an animal has a rapid heartbeat which allows its muscles to receive fully oxygenated blood?

A

Efficient circulation

61
Q

What is the physiological generation and regulation of body temperature referred to as? It allows the animal to have a higher metabolic rate.

A

Endothermy

62
Q

Class Aves lacks teeth, what do they have instead?

A

Beaks

63
Q

What is a tetrapod?

A

A vertebrate with FOUR limbs or one that evolved from a four-limbed ancestor

64
Q

What are the challenges faced by terrestrial tetrapods?

A

Dry- loss of body water from evaporation

Gravity- has a greater effect on land because water provides buoyancy

65
Q

What class is fundamentally distinguishable from all other vertebrates because their traits cause them to have hair and mammary glands?

A

Class Mammalia

66
Q

What are the long, keratin-rich filaments that extend from follicles?

A

Hair

67
Q

What are the uses of hair in mammals?

A

Insulation, camouflage, sensory structure

68
Q

What are the specialized glands found in females of Class Mammalia that secrete milk for feeding offspring?

A

Mammary glands

69
Q

What is the organ found in animals in Class Mammalia that brings fetal and maternal blood into close contact with each other?

A

Placenta

70
Q

What are the subclasses of Class Mammalia?

A

Prototheria, Theria

71
Q

Which subclass of Class Mammalia is the most primitive and lay shelled eggs

A

Prototheria

72
Q

What group under Class Mammalia consists of the duck-billed platypus, short-nose echidna, the long-nosed echidna, and has a single opening, the cloaca, for the digestive and reproductive tracts?

A

Monotremes

73
Q

Which subclass of Class Mammalia can be characterized by the birth of live young and consists of Marsupials and Placental mammals?

A

Subclass Theria

74
Q

What two living groups are found under Subclass Theria?

A

Marsupials, placental mammals

75
Q

What mammal nourishes from a true placenta throughout its development, forms both fetal and maternal tissue, embryos develop within the mother’s uterus, and includes most living mammals?

A

Placental Mammals

76
Q

What is unique about Marsupial eggs?

A

has chorion and amnion but no shell, embryo is still nourished by yolk

77
Q

What group under Class Mammalia has babies who crawl into their mother’s pouch after birth and attach to the nipple to continue develop?

A

Marsupials

78
Q

What kind of animals are found in the Marsupial group?

A

Kangaroo, opossum

79
Q

What special type of marsupial mammal evolved unique features which allowed them to succeed in an arboreal environment?

A

Primates

80
Q

What two features did primates develop?

A

Grasping fingers and toes, and Steroscopic vision

81
Q

What is unique about the fingers and toes on primates?

A

They are grasping digits and the first digit is opposable

82
Q

What is it referred to when the eyes are shifted toward the front of the face?

A

Stereoscopic vision

83
Q

What group consist of humans and apes and other such animals?

A

Primates

Zoolog Bio 202 (3 decks)

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