Ch. 27 - WWI Flashcards

1
Q

This was an conservative alliance against radical movements formed in 1873 between Germany, Austria, and Russia.

A

The Three Emperors’ League

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2
Q

This was the alliance of England, France and Russia throughout World War I. (1914-18)

A

Triple Entente

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3
Q

The style of warfare was prevalent in the western front of WWI. It resulted in stalemates of great cost, but little gain.

A

trench warfare

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4
Q

This British passenger ship was sunk by a German submarine in 1915, resulting in the death of over a thousand, including 139 Americans. This contributed to the USA’s entry into WWI.

A

Lusitania

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5
Q

This is the harnessing of all of society for a war. Some features include food rationing, planned economies, and controlled labor.

A

total war

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6
Q

This was a German organization, led by Walter Rathenau, which determined German usage and production during WWI. It was a key part of the German total war effort.

A

War Raw Materials Board

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7
Q

This was the rival governmental branch to the Russian provisional government formed in March 1917. It was a council consisting of two to three thousand soldiers, workers, and socialist intellectuals. Its radical orders, such as Army Order No. 1, weakened the provisional government, allowing Lenin’s Bolsheviks to seize power.

A

Petrograd Soviet

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8
Q

This removed the authority of Russian military officers, instead placing power in the hands of elected committees of soldiers. It led to a collapse of order in the Russian army and contributed to the provisional government’s fall into anarchy.

A

Army Order No. 1

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9
Q

These were supporters of Lenin’s idea for a small, disciplined, elitist party to lead Marxian revolution.

A

Bolsheviks

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10
Q

The freely elected assembly created by the Bolshevik government to write a new constitution. The Bolsheviks only received 1/4 of the seats, however, so Lenin disbanded it, forming a one-party government.

A

Constituent Assembly

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11
Q

The application of the total war concept to a civil conflict.

A

war communism

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12
Q

This was the Russian secret police, reestablished by the Bolsheviks, responsible for hunting down enemies of the government.

A

Cheka

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13
Q

Strongly advocated by President Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference, this was designed to be an international organization that would prevent future wars and protect member states from aggression.

A

League of Nations

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14
Q

This document, formed in 1919 at the Paris peace conference, officially ended WWI. It put heavy blame on Germany for the war.

A

Treaty of Versailles

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15
Q

Made by the British foreign minister in Nov. 1917, this stated that Britain was in favor of the Zionist movement, as long as it didn’t violate the rights of existing non-Jews.

A

Balfour Declaration

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16
Q

By 1871, he had made Germany the most powerful nation in Europe. After 1871, he used his diplomatic skills to maintain peace by keeping France isolated and preventing conflict between Austria-Hungary and Russia.

A

Otto von Bismarck

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17
Q

This emperor of Germany from 1888-1918. His indiscretion contributed to WWI. He dismissed Bismarck and refused to renew the Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty, prompting France and Russia to enter an alliance.

A

William (Wilhelm) II

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18
Q

In 1904, France wanted to control Morocco. This resulted when Germany intervened and insisted on an international conference. The other Great Powers began to see Germany as a potential threat.

A

Moroccan Crisis

19
Q

This conference was held by Bismarck to balance the power in the Balkans following Russia’s success against the Ottoman Empire. It infuriated Russian nationalists who believed Russia was being restrained, leading to Germany joining Austria in a defensive alliance.

A

1878 Congress of Berlin

20
Q

This war in 1912 pitted the combined forces of Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria against the Ottoman Empire, pushing the Ottomans out of Europe.

A

First Balkan War

21
Q

This war was fought in 1913 between Serbia and Bulgaria over the newly won territory in the Balkans.

A

Second Balkan War

22
Q

He was the heir to the Austrian and Hungarian thrones who was assassinated, along with his wife, Sophie, by Serbian revolutionaries on June 28, 1914. Austria presented Serbia with an ultimatum, triggering WWI.

A

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

23
Q

He implemented the Schlieffen plan on August 2, 1914, when he ordered German troops to be marched through neutral Belgium to attack France. In face of this, Great Britain joined France and declared war on Germany.

A

General Helmuth von Moltke

24
Q

This battle of the western front, fought on Sept 6, 1914, involved France throwing all its forces at a gap in the German line. It ended in German retreat, saving Paris.

A

Battle of the Marne 1914

25
Q

This was a battle between the French, British, and Germans that took place in the summer of 1916. The Allied Powers gained only 125 square miles at the cost of 600,000 lives, while the Germans lost 500,000.

A

Battle of the Somme

26
Q

This book described the physical and emotional strain soldiers of trench warfare faced at the western front of WWI. It was written by Erich Remarque in 1929.

A

All Quiet on the Western Front

27
Q

This was the holocaust of at least one million Armenians by the Ottoman government starting in 1915 and continuing throughout WWI. Armenian support of Russia, as well as Christian-Muslim tensions culminated in the mass executions and death marches.

A

Armenian genocide

28
Q

He was the famed British colonel who successfully helped the Arabs revolt against their Turkish rulers in the Middle Eastern theater of WWI. This contributed to British victory over the Ottomans.

A

Lawrence of Arabia

29
Q

A western front battle in 1916 that ended in German defeat. Both sides lost 700,000 lives.

A

Battle of Verdun 1916

30
Q

The popularly elected legislative body of Germany. During WWI, it saw a socialist planned economy and the War Raw Materials Board appear, and it passed the Auxiliary Service Law.

A

Reichstag

31
Q

Passed in 1916, this required all German males between the ages of 17 and 60 to work only at jobs critical to the war effort.

A

Auxiliary Service Law

32
Q

He was the prime minister of Britain during the second half of WWI and a delegate at the Paris peace conference. Previously, he ran the Ministry of Munitions, established in 1915.

A

David Lloyd George

33
Q

He was the prime minister of France from 1917-1920 who was able to revitalize a war-weary France. He did this by creating a virtual dictatorship that imprisoned opponents of the war effort. He also sought revenge and security against Germany at the Paris peace conference.

A

Georges Clemenceau

34
Q

The lower house of Russia’s legislative body. The distrust and dismissal of it by Nicholas II fostered calls for political change, because the people were not being represented.

A

Duma

35
Q

Russian tsar who ruled from 1894 to 1917. He wished to rule absolutely, and distrusted the Duma. His unresponsiveness to the calls of the Russian people and Duma led to calls for a new, more democratic government responsible to the Duma. He then dismissed the Duma and headed to the front to lead his armies.

A

Nicholas II

36
Q

The wife of Nicholas II who took over governing Russia when Nicholas left for the front lines. She distrusted parliaments and tried to rule absolutely, only depending on her closest advisor, Rasputin. Rumors of an affair between her and Rasputin led to the fall of the monarchy.

A

Tsarina Alexandra

37
Q

A self-proclaimed holy man with supposed healing powers. He was Alexandra’s closest advisor. He was murdered by aristocrats in 1916 in efforts to end rumors of an affair. Disgusting public opinion, he contributed to the fall of the monarchy.

A

Rasputin

38
Q

Prime minister of the Russian provisional government declared in 1917. He chose to postpone reform, instead focusing on continuing the war effort.

A

Alexander Kerensky

39
Q

Russian revolutionary who established communism in Russia in the Russian Revolution in 1917. He believed communism could be established regardless of history, provided there was strong leadership by an elite party.

A

Vladimir Lenin

40
Q

The party opposing the Bolsheviks in the Russian Marxian Socialist Party.

A

Mensheviks

41
Q

Lenin’s right-hand man and a brilliant leader and orator. He executed the Bolshevik seizure of power.

A

Leon Trotsky

42
Q

Signed in 1918 between Germany and Russia, this document ended WWI for Russia. Russia lost much of its western territories, resulting in a loss of a third of its population.

A

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

43
Q

Proponents of Karl Marx’s teachings. Their primary tenet is that the state owns all property.

A

Communists