Ch. 27 Flashcards
1
Q
Three Emperors’ League
A
- Mid 19th century BCE; Germany
- A conservative alliance created by Bismarck that linked the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia against radical movements.
- It initially disbanded in 1875 over territorial disputes in the Balkans.
- In 1877 and 1878, more conflict resulted and Bismarck attempted to make peace but only resulted in infuriating Russian nationalists.
- This lead Bismarck to form an alliance with Austria and later Italy against Russia which led to the formation of the Triple Alliance in 1882.
2
Q
Triple Alliance
A
- Late 19th century BCE; Germany
- The military alliance between Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Italy, that lasted from 1882until the start of World War I in 1914.
- Each member promised support if any other member were to be attacked, or for Germany and Italy, an attack by France.
- The Triple Alliance contrasted the Triple Entente, which consisted of an alliance between Britain, France and Russia.
3
Q
Triple Entente
A
- Early 20th century BCE;
- The alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia in the First World War.
- It served as a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance.
- The Triple Entente contrasted the Triple Alliance which consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
4
Q
Trench Warfare
A
- Early 20th century BCE;
- A form of warfare that consisted of large trenches, mines, and barbed wire from which troops faught behind.
- Millions were killed and territrial gains were minimal.
- Changed with new weapons like gas masks, tanks, machine guns, etc., but ultimately failed.
5
Q
Lusitania
A
- Early 20th century BCE; Britain
- The name of the British passenger liner that was sunk by a German submarine in May.
- More than a thousand people, including 139 Americans, died and President Woodrow Wilson protested.
- Germany was forced to restrict its submarine warfare for almost two years or face war with the United States.
6
Q
Total War
A
- Early 20th century;
- A government of national unity that began to plan and control economic and social life in order to make the greatest possible military effort.
- These total war economies involved entire populations, which blurred distinction between soldiers and civilians.
- The Auxiliary Service Law was created but as more men left, food production fell and the War Raw Materials Board was created to help ration out food.
7
Q
War Raw Materials Board
A
- 20th century BCE
- Created by Jewish industrialist Walter Rathenau to ration and distribute raw materials.
- Materials from foreign oil to barnyard manure were inventoried and rationed and synthetic rubber and nitrates were created.
- This led to massive deficit financing and inflation, as well as a shortage of food where people were living on less than a thousand calories a day and only pregnant women and children recieved milk rations.
8
Q
Auxiliary Service Law
A
- 20th Century BCE; Germany
- A German law that required all males between the ages of seventeen and sixty to work only at jobs that were considered crtical to the war effort.
- In Germany, total war led to history’s first totalitarian society.
9
Q
The Provisional Government
A
- 20th century BCE; Russia
- Established equality before the law; freedom of religion, speech, and assembly; and the right of unions to organize and strike.
- Socialists like Alexander Kerensky and liberal leaders of the provisional government rejected social revolution.
- The provisional government lasted approximately eight months, and ceased to exist when the Bolsheviks took over on November 1917.
10
Q
Petrograd Soviet
A
- 20th century BCE; Russia
- A counter-government made up of masses of workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals.
- It issued its own radical orders, further weakening the provisional government.
11
Q
Army Order No. 1
A
- 20th century BCE; Russia
- The most famous radical order of the Petrograd Soviet that stripped officers of their authority and gave power to elected committees of common soldiers.
- It led to a complete collapse of army discipline
12
Q
Bolsheviks
A
- Early 20th century BCE; Russia
- Lenin’s majority group that, althoguh it did not last very long, gave Lenin the tough, disciplined, revolutionary group her wanted.
- Lenin’s Bolsheviks contrasted the Mensheviks or minority group.
- While Lenin demanded and small, disciplined, elitist party, his opponents wanted a more democratic party.
13
Q
Constituent Assembly
A
- 20th century BCE; Russia
- A freely elected assembly that met for only one day after the Bolsheviks realized that they had won fewer than one-fourth of the seats and permanently disbanded it.
- For the next three years, the people wanted an end to the Bolsheviks.
- Officers organized a White opposition and the Whites came from many social groups, united by their hatred of the Bolsheviks.
14
Q
War Communism
A
- 20th century BCE; Russia
- The application of the total-war concept to a civil conflict.
- The Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work.
- Differed from the War Raw Materials Board since it gave people food as opposed to taking it away.
- Was similar to the Auxiliary Service Law which required all males between seventeen and sixty to work.
15
Q
League of Nations
A
- 20th century BCE; Paris
- A permanent international organization established during the peace conference in Paris 1919.
- It was designed to protect member states from aggression and ward off future wars.
- In the end though, it failed and left Germany vulnerable to Hitler’s promises to restore Germany to its greatness.
16
Q
The Treaty of Versailles
A
- 20th century BCE;
- Delcrared Germany responsible for the war and limited Germany’s army to one hundred thousand men.
- Germany was forced to pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by the war.
- The United States refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles without making changes to articles in the League of Nations.
- The United States did not join the League of Nations and later Great Britain followed suit and refused to ratify its defensive alliance with France.
17
Q
Leon Trotsky
A
- 20th century BCE; Russia
- Was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and theorist.
- Brilliantly executed the Bolshevik seizure of power.
- Trotsky followers and Bolshevik soldiers seized government buildings and arrested provisional government members.
18
Q
Vladimir Lenin
A
- Early 20th century BCE; Russia
- Lenin stressed that only violent revolution could destroy capitalism.
- He believed that a socialist revolution was possible even in a country like Russia, where capitalism was not fully developed.
- He stressed the necessity of a highly disciplined workers’ party controlled strictly by elitists, intellectuals, and full-time revolutionaries.
- After the Bolsheviks seized power from the provisional government, they passed all power to the soviets and named Lenin head of the new government.
19
Q
Georges Clemenceau
A
- Early 20th century BCE; France
- Established a virtual dictatorship.
- He wanted revenge on Germany, and lasting security for France, which he believed required the demilitarization of Germany.
- He agreed to a compromise and gave up the French demand for a Rhineland buffer state in return for a formal defensive alliance with the United States and Great Britain.
20
Q
Lloyd George
A
- 20th century BCE; Britain
- Wanted Germany to pay for the war.
- Was personally inclined to make peace with Germany but was persuaded otherwise.
- Promised Clemenceau that Britain would come to France’s aid if France was ever attacked.
21
Q
President Wilson
A
- Early 20th century; United States
- Made the Fourteen Points peace proposal which stressed national self-determination and the rights of small countries.
- He insisted on the creation of the League of Nations, since he believed only it could protect states from future wars.
- He disagreed with both Lloyd George and Clemenceau who seemed primarily concerned with punishing Germany.
- In the end though, a compromise was made and Wilson won his goal of a permanent international organization.
