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BIO153 > Ch. 27 > Flashcards

Ch. 27 Flashcards

1
Q

3 characteristics of a prokaryotic cell wall?

A

maintains shape, protects cell, prevents bursting in hypotonic environment

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2
Q

which type of cells have peptidoglycan in them?

A

bacterial cells

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3
Q

gram positive bacteria have more or less peptidoglycan?

A

more

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4
Q

gram negative bacteria have more or less peptidoglycan?

A

less

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5
Q

differences between prokaryotic flagella and eukaryotic flagella?

A

smaller width, not covered by plasma membrane

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6
Q

in chemotaxis, what do they move towards and move away from?

A

towards nutrients/oxygen, away from toxic stuff

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7
Q

is archaeal, bacterial and eukaryotic flagella homologous or analogous?

A

analogous

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8
Q

how many parts does a flagella have? what are they?

A

3: motor, hook, filament

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9
Q

what is exaptation?

A

process where existing structures take new functions thru natural selection

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10
Q

example of exaptation?

A

flagella

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11
Q

differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes? (5)

A

less DNA, circular chromosomes, no membrane-bound nucleus, fewer proteins in chromosomes, smaller rings of plasmids

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12
Q

difference between prokaryotic ribosome and eukaryotic ones?

A

prokaryotic ones are smaller

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13
Q

how to prokaryotes reproduce?

A

thru binary fission

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14
Q

the potential to rapidly reproduce shows 3 features of prokaryotes. What are they?

A

they’re small, they reproduce thru binary fission, they have short generation times

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15
Q

3 factors that explain high rise of genetic diversity?

A

fast reproduction, mutation, genetic recombination

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16
Q

true or false: prokaryotes reproduce sexually

A

false

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17
Q

what is genetic recombination?

A

combining DNA from 2 sources

18
Q

name the 3 mechanisms that bring DNA from different individuals

A

transduction, transformation, conjugation

19
Q

what is horizontal gene transfer

A

individuals of gene transfer are from different species

20
Q

what is vertical gene transfer?

A

when the genes move from parent to child

21
Q

what happens in transformation?

A

cell is now in recombinant, genotype + phenotype is changed by foreign DNA

22
Q

what happens in transduction?

A

phages carry genes from one host to another

23
Q

what does transduction result from?

A

accidents in replicative cycle

24
Q

what happens in conjugation?

A

DNA is transferred between 2 temporarily joined cells

25
Q

what is the F factor?

A

allows conjugation to happen

26
Q

what two forms can the f factor appear in?

A

plasmid or segment DNA

27
Q

how do obligate anaerobes survive?

A

either fermentation or anaerobic resp

28
Q

how do facultative anaerobes survive?

A

can either live aerobically or anaerobically

29
Q

how to obligate aerobes live

A

cell resp

30
Q

what does the connection between heterocysts and other cells let them do?

A

get carbs and deliver N to other cells

31
Q

which group has a nuclear envelope?

A

eukarya

32
Q

which group has peptidoglycan in their cell walls

A

bacteria

33
Q

which group has membrane-enclosed nuclei?

A

eukarya

34
Q

what is an extremophile?

A

a species that can live in extreme conditions

35
Q

what is an extreme halophile?

A

a species that can survive in extremely salty environments

36
Q

what is an extreme thermophile>

A

a species that can live in extremely hot environments

37
Q

what is the smaller organism in a symbiotic relationship called?

A

symbiont

38
Q

the three cases of symbiosis?

A

mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism

39
Q

what is an exotoxin>

A

proteins secreted by bacteria or other organisms

40
Q

what is an endotoxin and what is the difference between an endotoxin and exotoxin?

A

1.lipopolysaccharides of outer membrane of gram-neg bacteria
2. released only after bacteria dies

41
Q

4 ways bacteria can be useful?

A
  1. used to convert milk into cheese/yogurt
  2. advanced biotech
  3. reduced petroleum usage
  4. used in bioremediation

BIO153 (5 decks)

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