Ch 26 Phylogeny and the tree of life

Question 1

__________- is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Answer 1

Phylogeny

Question 2

The discipline of ____________ classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

Answer 2

Systematics

Question 3

____________ is the ordered division and naming of organisms

Answer 3

Taxonomy

Question 4

In the ______ century, ___________published a system of taxonomy based on resemblances

Answer 4

18th

Carlous linnaeus

Question 5

What Two key features of Carlous Linnaeus’ system remain useful today?:

Answer 5

two-part names for species and hierarchical classification

Question 6

What are the taxonomic groups from broad to narrow?

Answer 6

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

Question 7

A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy is called a________

Answer 7

Taxon

Question 8

What are the names of the 3 domains?

Answer 8

• Eukarya
• Archaea
• Bacteria

Question 9

Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching _______________

Answer 9

Phylogenetic trees

Question 10

Systematists have proposed the __________, which recognizes only groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendents

Answer 10

Phylocode

Question 11

A___________________represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships
Each _______________represents the divergence of two species
_____________are groups that share an immediate common ancestor

Answer 11

Phylogenetic tree

branch point

Sister Taxa

Question 12

To infer phylogenies, systematists gather information about ______, genes, and _________ of living organisms

Answer 12

morphology

biochemistry

Question 13

Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry are called _________

Answer 13

Homologies

Question 14

Analogy is similarity due to _____________

Answer 14

Convergent evolution

Question 15

When does convergent evolution occur?

Answer 15

when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

Question 16

Analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently are also called ___________

Answer 16

Homoplasies

Question 17

How can homology be distinguished from analogy?

Answer 17

Homology can be distinguished from analogy by comparing fossil evidence and the degree of complexity

Question 18

________________uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships

Answer 18

Molecular systematics

Question 19

________________ groups organisms by common descent

Answer 19

Cladistics

Question 20

A __________is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

Answer 20

Clade

Question 21

A valid clade is ____________, signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

Answer 21

monophyletic

Question 22

A ____________ grouping consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

Answer 22

paraphyletic

Question 23

A _____________ grouping consists of various species with different ancestors

Answer 23

polyphyletic

Question 24

A _____________is a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

Answer 24

Shared ancetral character

Question 25

A __________________is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

Answer 25

shared derived character

Question 26

An ____________ is a species or group of species that is closely related to the _________, the various species being studied

Answer 26

Outgroup

Ingroup

Question 27

The __________is a group that has diverged before the ___________

Answer 27

outgroup

ingroup

Question 28

Characters shared by the outgroup and ingroup are ____________that predate the divergence of both groups from a __________

Question 29

In some trees what can the length of a branch reflect?

Answer 29

the number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA sequence in that lineage

Question 30

What else can branch length represent?

Question 31

Systematists can never be sure of finding the best tree in a large data set
They narrow possibilities by applying the principles of _______________and _______________

Answer 31

Maximum parsimony

maximum likelyhood

Question 32

___________________assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the most likely

Answer 32

Maximum parsimony

Question 33

The principle of ________________________states that, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events

Answer 33

maximum likelyhood

Question 34

__________________allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendents

Answer 34

Phylogenetic bracketing

Question 35

What features do birds and croccodiles share?

Answer 35

four-chambered hearts, song, nest building, and brooding

These characteristics likely evolved in a common ancestor and were shared by all of its descendents, including dinosaurs

Question 36

________________________are found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species
They can diverge only after speciation occurs

Answer 36

Orthologous genes

Question 37

______________________result from gene duplication, so are found in more than one copy in the genome
They can diverge within the clade that carries them and often evolve new functions

Answer 37

paralogous genes

Question 38

A ______________uses constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change

Answer 38

molecular clock

Question 39

In _____________________, nucleotide substitutions are proportional to the time since they last shared a common ancest

Answer 39

orthologous genes

Question 40

In _____________, nucleotide substitutions are proportional to the time since the genes became duplicated

Answer 40

orthologous genes

Question 41

__________________states that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and is not influenced by natural selection
It states that the rate of molecular change in these genes and proteins should be regular like a clock

Answer 41

Neutral theory

Question 42

What are the names of the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 42

: Monera (prokaryotes), Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

Question 43

_______________transfer is the movement of genes from one genome to another

Answer 43

Horizontal gene

Question 44

_______________________occurs by exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection, and fusion of organisms

Answer 44

horizontal gene transfer