Ch 26 Phylogeny and the tree of life Flashcards

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1
Q

__________- is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

A

Phylogeny

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2
Q

The discipline of ____________ classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

A

Systematics

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3
Q

____________ is the ordered division and naming of organisms

A

Taxonomy

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4
Q

In the ______ century, ___________published a system of taxonomy based on resemblances

A

18th

Carlous linnaeus

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5
Q

What Two key features of Carlous Linnaeus’ system remain useful today?:

A

two-part names for species and hierarchical classification

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6
Q

What are the taxonomic groups from broad to narrow?

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

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7
Q

A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy is called a________

A

Taxon

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8
Q

What are the names of the 3 domains?

A
  • Eukarya
  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
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9
Q

Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching _______________

A

Phylogenetic trees

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10
Q

Systematists have proposed the __________, which recognizes only groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendents

A

Phylocode

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11
Q

A___________________represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships
Each _______________represents the divergence of two species
_____________are groups that share an immediate common ancestor

A

Phylogenetic tree

branch point

Sister Taxa

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12
Q

To infer phylogenies, systematists gather information about ______, genes, and _________ of living organisms

A

morphology

biochemistry

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13
Q

Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry are called _________

A

Homologies

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14
Q

Analogy is similarity due to _____________

A

Convergent evolution

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15
Q

When does convergent evolution occur?

A

when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

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16
Q

Analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently are also called ___________

A

Homoplasies

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17
Q

How can homology be distinguished from analogy?

A

Homology can be distinguished from analogy by comparing fossil evidence and the degree of complexity

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18
Q

________________uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships

A

Molecular systematics

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19
Q

________________ groups organisms by common descent

A

Cladistics

20
Q

A __________is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

A

Clade

21
Q

A valid clade is ____________, signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

A

monophyletic

22
Q

A ____________ grouping consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

A

paraphyletic

23
Q

A _____________ grouping consists of various species with different ancestors

A

polyphyletic

24
Q

A _____________is a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

A

Shared ancetral character

25
Q

A __________________is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

A

shared derived character

26
Q

An ____________ is a species or group of species that is closely related to the _________, the various species being studied

A

Outgroup

Ingroup

27
Q

The __________is a group that has diverged before the ___________

A

outgroup

ingroup

28
Q

Characters shared by the outgroup and ingroup are ____________that predate the divergence of both groups from a __________

A
29
Q

In some trees what can the length of a branch reflect?

A

the number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA sequence in that lineage

30
Q

What else can branch length represent?

A
31
Q

Systematists can never be sure of finding the best tree in a large data set
They narrow possibilities by applying the principles of _______________and _______________

A

Maximum parsimony

maximum likelyhood

32
Q

___________________assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the most likely

A

Maximum parsimony

33
Q

The principle of ________________________states that, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events

A

maximum likelyhood

34
Q

__________________allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its descendents

A

Phylogenetic bracketing

35
Q

What features do birds and croccodiles share?

A

four-chambered hearts, song, nest building, and brooding

These characteristics likely evolved in a common ancestor and were shared by all of its descendents, including dinosaurs

36
Q

________________________are found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species
They can diverge only after speciation occurs

A

Orthologous genes

37
Q

______________________result from gene duplication, so are found in more than one copy in the genome
They can diverge within the clade that carries them and often evolve new functions

A

paralogous genes

38
Q

A ______________uses constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change

A

molecular clock

39
Q

In _____________________, nucleotide substitutions are proportional to the time since they last shared a common ancest

A

orthologous genes

40
Q

In _____________, nucleotide substitutions are proportional to the time since the genes became duplicated

A

orthologous genes

41
Q

__________________states that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and is not influenced by natural selection
It states that the rate of molecular change in these genes and proteins should be regular like a clock

A

Neutral theory

42
Q

What are the names of the 5 kingdoms?

A

: Monera (prokaryotes), Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

43
Q

_______________transfer is the movement of genes from one genome to another

A

Horizontal gene

44
Q

_______________________occurs by exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection, and fusion of organisms

A

horizontal gene transfer

45
Q
A