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Microbiology I > Ch. 24 - Microbial Symbioses With Humans > Flashcards

Ch. 24 - Microbial Symbioses With Humans Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mutualism

A

Both benefits

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2
Q

Commensalism

A

One benefits, one is unaffected

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3
Q

Antagonism

A

One benefits at the expense of the other

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4
Q

Symbioses with Humans

A

Symbioses with microorganisms begin at birth and continuously form throughout our lives

Symbiosis is a function of your eating habits, physical activity, and our external environment in which we reside

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5
Q

Microbiome

A

All sites that contain microorganisms are part of a microbiome

It is a functional collection of different microbes in a particular environmental system

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6
Q

Microbiota (Microflora)

A

All the microbes in a microhabitat

Microhabitat - small area which differs from the surrounding habitat

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7
Q

True or False.

Different microhabitat support different microbes.

Give an example.

A

True

The microbes on the skin are different than the microbes in the mouth

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8
Q

What are the 5 functions of the microbiome?

A 
Influence mental health
Promotes skin health
Helps digest food
Protects against toxins
Boosts the immune system
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9
Q

Why is the human body an ideal habitat for microorganisms?

A

The body provides stable environmental conditions and a steady supply of nutrients for microorganisms to colonize and grow

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10
Q

How do microbes in the microbiome maintain human health?

A

Microbes help maintain human health by protecting us against invading pathogens and disease, help to process ingested food, and produce essential vitamins and lipids

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11
Q

List the main microbial habitats of the human body.

A 
Skin
Airways
Oral cavity
GI tract
Urogenital openings & vagina
Others
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12
Q

Define mono gastric

A

Single stomach

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13
Q

How do microbes in the gut affect us?

A

Microbes in the gut affects our early development, our health, and our predisposition to disease

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14
Q

When does gut microbial colonization begin?

A

Gut microbial colonization begins at birth and is directly influenced by the foods we eat as well as our lifestyles

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15
Q

(Evolutionary perspective)

How did our ancestors and how does our genetic identity reflect a “hunter-gatherer” lifestyle?

A

The “hunter-gatherer” lifestyle includes:

  • moderate to high daily exercise
  • eating food high in nature including: high in fiber, low in saturated fats and carbohydrates
  • provide ample opportunities for rest and relaxation
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16
Q

Why is our microbiome not healthy?

A

Humans are simply living a mismatched life consisting of processed foods, lack of activity, and undue stresses resulting in poor microbes formation, reduced microbiome, and chronic disease

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17
Q

Why is our microbiome not healthy and what are some consequences?

A

Our microbiome is not healthy because we are living a mismatched life consisting of processed foods, lack of activity, and undue stresses.

Some consequences include poor microbe formation, reduced microbiome, and chronic disease.

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18
Q

List the parts of the human GI tract.

A

Stomach
Small intestines
Large intestines

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19
Q

What is the GI tract responsible for?

A

Our GI tract is responsible for food digestion, nutrient absorption, and nutrient production by the indigenous flora.

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20
Q

How are microbial populations influenced by the GI tract?

A

Microbial populations are influenced by parts of the GI tract by diet and physical conditions in the area.

21
Q

What is the pH and function of the stomach and small intestine?

A

pH = 2
The stomach and small intestine prevent many organisms from colonizing the GI tract.

NOTE: there is a rich microbiome in the healthy stomach

22
Q

What types of bacteria can be found in the gastric fluid?

A

Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria

23
Q

What type of bacteria are found in the mucus layer of the stomach?

A

Firmicutes and Proteobacteria

24
Q

Where is Helicobacter pylori found in the body and what can it cause?

A

H. Pylori is found in the gastric mucosa and can cause peptic ulcers and stomach cancer.

25
Q

What is another name for the large intestine?

A

The large intestine is also known as the colon.

26
Q

What is the colon and what is also formed in the colon?

A

The colon is an in vivo fermentation vessel with the microbiota using nutrients derived from the digestion of food.

The feces is formed in the colon.

27
Q

Intestinal microorganisms carry out a variety of essential metabolic reactions that produce various compounds. What microbial metabolites that are generated in the gut have significant influence on host physiology?

A

Vitamin products (thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, B12, K)

Amino acid biosynthesis (asparagine, glutamine, methionine, tryptophan, lysine)

Steroid metabolism (modifications)

Production (of gas, odor, and organic acids)

28
Q

Define oral cavity.

A

The oral cavity is a complex, heterogenous microbial habitat.

29
Q

The saliva contains antimatter coronial enzymes. True or false?

A

True

30
Q

Do high concentrations near the surface of the mouth promote localized microbial growth?

A

Yes.

31
Q

Name the parts of a tooth.

A

The tooth consists of a mineral matrix (the enamel), surrounding living tissue, the dentin, and pulp.

32
Q

Microbes thrive in the UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT. How do bacteria travel through the upper respiratory tract?

A

Bacteria enter the upper respiratory tract from the air during breathing. Most are trapped in the mucus of the nasal passages and the oral passages. These bacteria are expelled through nasal secretions and then killed in the stomach.

33
Q

Are there normal microbiota in the lower respiratory tract of a healthy adult?

A

No.

34
Q

How are particles removed from the lungs?

A

Violated mucosal cells move particles up and out of the lungs.

35
Q

What can cause potential pathogens in the urethra to multiply and cause disease?

A

Altered conditions.

36
Q

Is the vagina weakly or strongly acidic?

A

Weakly acidic.

37
Q

How is the acidic environment of the maintained?

A

The vagina contains a significant amount of glycogen. The Lactobacillus acidophilus resides in the vagina and ferments the glycogen to produce lactic acid. Lactic acid maintains the vagina’s local acidic environment.

38
Q

What are the microbial activities in the first year of life?

A

Colonization begins at birth, with transfer from the mother to the infant.

Early colonizing microbes are a source of vitamins and tend to be facultative rather than obligate anaerobes.

39
Q

What variables determine the nature of the gut microbiome?

A

Vaginally born infants have a microbiome more similar to that of their mothers than those born via Cesarean section.

Breastfed infants have more commensal bacteria, as breast milk has oligosaccharides that promote their colonization.

40
Q

What determines the gut microbiome?

A

Early experiences determine gut microbiome.

41
Q

In terms of the stability of the adult microbiome and transitions with age, what two factors are associated with decreased microbial diversity?

A

Aging and frailty.

42
Q

What is IBD? What causes IBD? Is it transmissible?

A

IBD is a chronic inflammation of the gut and disruption of homeostasis. Individuals with IBD have lower gut microbiome diversity.

Antibiotic use increases the risk of developing IBD.

IBD is transmissible between family members.

43
Q

Gut microbiota and its relationship with obesity.

A

The genetically obese have different microbiota than the normal. The obese have more Firmicutes.

The nature and transferability of gut microbiota is dependent on diet as well as genetics.

44
Q

What is a dental plaque and what microbes can be found in them?

A

Dental plaques are made of cells that form a biofilm on the tooth.

Streptococcus and other fermenting bacteria.

45
Q

What leads to dental caries?

A

Fermenters produce acid, which wears down the tooth enamel leading to dental caries (cavities).

46
Q

Can periodontal disease contribute to systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease and arthritis?

A

Yes

47
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Probiotics are live organisms that confer a health benefit to the host.

48
Q

What are prebiotics?

A

Prebiotics are typically carbohydrates that are ingesting by human hosts, but provide nutrition for fermentation gut bacteria.

49
Q

Name 2 types of bacteria used as probiotics and how do they work?

A

Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus.

They may work by taking up space or nutrients, limiting the ability of pathogens to colonize the gut.

Microbiology I (2 decks)

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