CH 222

Question 1

Evolution (Darwinian)

Answer 1

“Descent with modification” livings species came from different ancestral species

Question 2

Evolution (Modern)

Answer 2

Change in genetic composition from a population from generation to generation

Question 3

What is Darwin’s famous book and when was it published?

Answer 3

The Origin of Species (1859)

Question 4

Aristotle’s View of Classification and timeframe

Answer 4

Scala Naturae: increasing levels of fixed complexity (384-322 BCE)

Question 5

Paleontology

Answer 5

Study of Fossils

Question 6

Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)

Answer 6

Strata is divided by catastrophes that cause extinction events: no evolution as God creates species, different species come into the area

Question 7

Hutton (1726-1797) and Charles Lyell (1797-1875)

Answer 7

Geologists who noticed that based on how long it takes rock layers to form, the Earth must be much other than AD

Question 8

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)

Answer 8

Published hypothesis in 1809 on the use and disuse principle: components organisms use most become stronger and are passed down improved, while those not used fade over time

Question 9

What was the name of the ship Darwin voyaged on?

Answer 9

HMS Beagle

Question 10

adaptations

Answer 10

Inherited characters that often arise in the form of random mutations that help organisms survive in their environment

Question 11

Natural Selection

Answer 11

Certain adaptations allow organisms with them to live longer and reproduce more

Question 12

“descent with modification”

Answer 12

All organisms diverged from one common ancestor, explaining the unity and diversity of life

Question 13

pedigree

Answer 13

family tree diagram to show heritable characteristics over generations

Question 14

artificial selection

Answer 14

when humans select and breed individuals with desired traits, making them quite different from their wild ancestors

Question 15

Darwin observation #1

Answer 15

members of a population often vary in selected traits

Question 16

Darwin Observation #2

Answer 16

all species can produce more offspring than their environment can support, and many fail to survive and reproduce

Question 17

Inference #1

Answer 17

individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than do other individuals

Question 18

Inference #2

Answer 18

Thsi unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits over generations

Question 19

What methods have scientists used to prove the viabiliy of the natural selection theory?

Answer 19

• direct observations
• homology (analysing similarities among the structures of differing organisms) ex. mamalian forelimbs
  -fossils

Question 20

evolutionary tree

Answer 20

diagram of relationships among organisms

Question 21

convergent evolution

Answer 21

when different species adapted similarly to climates with many commonalities (no relation)

Question 22

biogeography

Answer 22

tracking the movement of species over time from the separation of Pangea