Ch 22: Decent with Modififcation

Question 1

What created Earth’s biodiversity?

Answer 1

evolutionary processes

Question 2

What is the germ theory?

Answer 2

the theory that diseases are caused by microorganisms

Question 3

What is scientific law?

Answer 3

a set of observed regularities expressed in a converse verbal or mathematical statement

Question 4

What is a scientific theory?

Answer 4

a unifying explanation that accounts for many factors and is based upon the results of repeated experiments and observations

Question 5

What was Aristotle’s view on biological diversity?

Answer 5

(384-322 B.C.) latter of nature (scala naturae), species are fixed and unchanging

Question 6

What was Carolus Linnaeus view on biological diversity?

Answer 6

(1707-1778) developed system of binomial nomenclature, relationship among species based on pattern of creation (“God”)

Question 7

Who was Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)?

Answer 7

major founder of paleontology, supported catastrophism, still believed in the “creation”

Question 8

Who was James Hutton (1726-1797)?

Answer 8

geologic features created by gradual mechanisms that continue to occur in the present day, first developed concepts of uniformitarianism

Question 9

What is uniformitarianism?

Answer 9

is you give certain processes enough time enormous events will occur

Question 10

Who was Charles Lyell (1797-1875)?

Answer 10

principles of geology, further developed and popularized Hutton’s concept of uniformitarianism (gave more examples)

Question 11

Who was Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829)?

Answer 11

explained evolutionary change by two principles: 1. use and disuse, 2. inheritance of acquired characteristics. He was wrong, but he recognized adaption can happen through gradual change and he provided a testable hypothesis to explain this change

Question 12

What was the name of the boat Charles Darwin used to voyage around the world?

Answer 12

HMS Beagle

Question 13

How did Darwin develop the concept of “Descent with Modification”?

Answer 13

initial observations were based on geology and fossils, Galapagos Islands: Fuana an individual islands often differed from one another, yet was overall similar to species on South American mainland

Question 14

What is artificial selection?

Answer 14

selective breeding developed different species

Question 15

What were Darwin’s observations?

Answer 15

members of a population differ in their traits, traits are inherited from parents to offspring, all species have great reproductive potential such that population size would increase exponentially is all individuals born were able to successfully reproduce, and environmental resources are limited

Question 16

Who was Thomas Malthus?

Answer 16

an English parish priest who studied economics and relationship between resources and population growth. He was also the single influence that helped Darwin crystallize his concept of natural selection (mainly his writings).

Question 17

Who was Alfred Wallace?

Answer 17

came to a similar conclusion as Darwin regarding natural selection and origins of species

Question 18

What were Darwin’s inferences?

Answer 18

individuals whose inherited traits confer a higher probability of survival and reproduction in a given environment leave more offspring than individuals without those traits and increased survival and reproduction of individuals with favorable traits leads to the increase in frequency of those traits in a population

Question 19

What is evolution?

Answer 19

changes in gene frequencies that occur over generation in a population

Question 20

What is natural selection?

Answer 20

the increase in frequency of genes resulting in phenotypes that raises the probability that organisms possessing the phenotype will survive and reproduce (selection operates on the phenotype)

Question 21

What is adaption?

Answer 21

a character state that has come to be present at a high frequency in a population because it confers a greater probability of survival reproduction relative to available alternative character states in the population

Question 22

What is Darwinian fitness?

Answer 22

the relative contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the nest generation (genes to offspring)

Question 23

What is biogeography?

Answer 23

the geographical distribution of plants and animals

Question 24

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 24

the process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities

Question 25

What is the fossil record?

Answer 25

these artifacts provide direct evidence of evolutionary change as well as common ancestry

Question 26

What is homologous structures?

Answer 26

a trait that is inherited from a common ancestor and shared by all decedents

Question 27

What is analogous traits?

Answer 27

traits that arise due to convergent evolution not common ancestry

Question 28

What is molecular homologies?

Answer 28

comparison of gene sequences among different taxa corroborates evidence from paleontology and comparative anatomy regarding evolutionary relationships

Question 29

What is comparative embryology?

Answer 29

homology among structures during embryonic development (early in development, embryos look similar )

Question 30

What is derived traits?

Answer 30

unique defining trait that is shared by a taxonomic group