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Mycology > Ch 22 > Flashcards

Ch 22 Flashcards

1
Q

Main Biological Features of Histoplasma capsulatum

  • morphology
  • where hyphae found
  • cycle of fungi
  • geographical distribution

PRIMARY MYCOSES

A

morphology:
dimorphic, produces white hairlike mycellium 35C
@37C< creamy white
-“fish-eye” yeast intracellulary in macrophages
-free yeast
where hyphae found:
-moist soil, high in nitrogen content(GROWS AS MOLD)
-bird droppings
-bait

cycle of fungi:

geographical distribution:
-eastern and central regions of US
(ohio and missisipi valley)
-NOT Australia

-dimorphic*

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2
Q 
Diseases of Histoplasma capsulatum
-Primary Pulmonary infection
-Systemic
-Histoplasmosis: Ohio Valley Fever
>dissemination
A 
from spores, yeast cells from into macrophages
(Histoplasmosis)
Primary Pulmonary infection
Symptoms:
-aches, pains, and coughing
-ussually asymptomatic

systemic: lung disease
-spores germinate in the lungs
-in people with cell-mediated immunity (eg AIDS patients)
80% cure

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3
Q

Mechanism of Histoplasma capsulatum

-virulence

A

Ability to grow dimorphically

-as saprobic mycellium and pathogenic yeast

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4
Q

Transmission of Histoplasma capsulatum

  • Method
  • audience
A 
(Method)
-Inhalation of conidia
(Habitat)
-moist soil tht's high in nitrogen content (bird droppings and bait)
(Audience)
-People living in the ohio valley
-Cave explorers
-spulunkers
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5
Q

Prevention/Treatment of Histoplasma capsulatum

-mortality

A 
(Prevention)
-masks and protective clothing>
>>reduce contact with spores
(Treatment)
-ussually not necessary
-intravenous amphotericin B, flucytosine, azoles, and nystatin
-surgical removal of tissues
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6
Q

Main Biological Features of Coccidioides immitis

  • morphology
  • where hyphae found
  • cycle of fungi
  • geographical distribution

PRIMARY MYCOSES

**Greatest virulence

A

morphology:

  • block-like athroconidia (freeliving)
  • spherules containing endospores(lungs)
  • 25C moist, white colony branching septate hypahe
  • 37-40C artrospore germinates into parasitic phase(SPHERULE)-look like endospores, lack resistant traits

where hyphae found:

  • alkaline soils in semiarid, hot climates
  • riverbeds
  • lake beds

geographical distribution:
-endemic to southwestern US

-forms a white, brown colony
-seperate hyphae
-thhick-walled arthrapone
-at 37C to 40C arthropore germinate into large spherical cells
»spherues

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7
Q 
Diseases of Coccidioides immitis
-Primary Pulmonary infection
-Systemic
-Coccidiomycosis: Valley Fever
>dissemination
A

(Coccidiomycosis)
symptoms:
asymptomatic, cough, low-grade fever –40%
(Menginitis)-7%

-cutaneous lesions
-nodular growths
fungomas and cavity formation in the (lungs) that compromises respiration

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8
Q

Mechanism of disease of Coccidioides immitis

A

-grows dimorphcally, as saprotic mycellium and a pathogenc spherule

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9
Q

Transmission of Coccidioides immitis

  • Method
  • audience
A 
Method:
-Inhilation from asphyrula
-highest rates in southwestern u.s. san joaquin valley
-carried by the wind or animals
(Habitat)
-alkaline soils in semiarid, hot climates
-riverbeds
-lake beds
(Audience)
-rural workers
-immunosupressed
-pregnant women
-Minorities
-when earthquakes disturb the upper layer of soil
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10
Q

Prevention/Treatment of Coccidioides immitis

-mortality

A 
(Prevention)
-minimize exposure
(Treatment)
-not necessary in most cases
-antigungals
-Amphotericin B treatment
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11
Q

Main Biological Features of Blastomyces dermatitidis

  • morphology
  • where hyphae found
  • cycle of fungi
  • geographical distribution

PRIMARY MYCOSES

A

morphology:
-white, sepate mycellium @low temp
creamy, white, wrinkled yeast @ high temp
>Thick walled yeast cells w/ oversized buds provide presumptive ID

where hyphae found:
-distributed in the soil, decaying wood, and animal manure

cycle of fungi:

  • Slow during warmer, dryer times
  • Growth and sporulation during colder, wetter seasons

geographical distribution:

  • Eastern US
  • canada to Louisiana
  • dimorphic
  • freeliving
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12
Q

Diseases of Blastomyces dermatitidis

-NorthAmerican Blastomycosis (Gilchrist disease)

A

(Blastomycosis)
Symptoms:
cough and chest pain, hoarsemeness, fever

> chronic
-lung abscess and tumorlike nodules (may be mistaken for cancer)

(cutaneous)*-common for mycoses
-begins as nodule on face/hands (granulomas)
>attack of CNS 20%
-bone
-nervous sytem

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13
Q

Mechanism of disease of Blastomyces dermatitidis

A

-grows dimorphcally, as saprotic mycellium

>10-100 conidia convert to yeasts and multiply in lungs

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14
Q

Transmission of Blastomyces dermatitidis

  • Method
  • audience
A

(Method)
-inhalation of (10-100) conidia
(Habitat)
-in the soil, decaying wood, and animal manure

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15
Q

Prevention/Treatment of Blastomyces dermatitidis

-mortality

A 
(Prevention)
-prevent inhalation
(Treatment)
-ussually not necessary
-Amphotericin B
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16
Q

Main Biological Features of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

  • morphology
  • where hyphae found
  • cycle of fungi
  • geographical distribution

PRIMARY MYCOSES

A

morphology:

  • small, nondescript colony with scanty, undistinctive spores@ rm tem
  • yeast @37C
  • mother cells have small, narrow-necked buds

where hyphae found:
-cool, humid the soil

geographical distribution:
-Central and South America

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17
Q

Diseases of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
-lung infection
Paracoccidioidomycosis
-systemic disease >not common

A

(Paracoccidioidomycosis)

  • lung infection
  • skin infection
  • often benign & self-limited
  • may invade lungs, skin, lymphatic organs
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18
Q

Mechanism of disease of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

A
  • dimorphic

- disseminates from lungs into nose and mouth

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19
Q

Transmission of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

  • Method
  • audience
A

(Method)
-inhalation or inoculation of spores

(Habitat)
-distributed in the soil
-in decaying vegetation
(Audience)
-rural workers
-plant harvesters
-poor nutrition~
-impaired host resistance
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20
Q

Prevention/Treatment of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

-mortality

A

(Prevention)

Treatment
-SELF LIMITED
Amphotericin B
sulfra drugs

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21
Q

Primary

A

-fully virulent

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22
Q

Subcutaneous infections

A
  • ussually accidntal
  • fungi has to be innoculated
  • involve tissues within and just bellow skin

-inhibited by
-progressive
high temperatures

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23
Q

Main Biological Features of Sporothrix schenckii

  • morphology
  • where hyphae found
  • cycle of fungi
  • geographical distribution

SAPROBIC
SUBCUTANEOUS

A

morphology:

  • small, hard, nontender nodule
  • enlarges becomes more necrotic, breaks through skin surface

where hyphae found:

  • in soil»decomposes plant matter
  • in gardens associated with roseplant
  • thorns and splinters

geographical distribution:
-Arica, Australia, Latin America

-saprobic

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24
Q

Diseases of Sporothrix schenckii

-Sporotrichosis

A

(Sporotrichosis)
infects appendages and lungs
-lymphocutaneous:
occurs when contaminated plant matter penetrates the skin and then pathogen forms a nodule, then spreads to nearby lymph nodes

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25
Q

Mechanism of disease of Sporothrix schenckii

LYMPHATIC

A

forms a nodule, then spreads to nearby lymph nodes
-does not spread in circulation

  • disease is progressive
  • progress along lymphatic channels
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26
Q

Transmission of Sporothrix schenckii

  • Method
  • audience
A 
(Method)
-innoculation under the skin
(Habitat)
-n gardens associated with roseplant
-thorns and splinters

(Audience)

  • stbbed by thorns or splinters
  • Horticulturists
  • gardeners
  • farmers
  • baskey weavers
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27
Q

Prevention/Treatment of Sporothrix schenckii

-mortality

A

(Prevention)

(Treatment)

  • inhibited by high temp of blood
  • potassium iodide
28
Q 
Cutanoeous infection
(Dermatophytes)
-Trichophyton
-Microsporum
-Epidermophyton
A
  • does not invade tissue
  • strictly confined to nonliving epidermal tissues
  • tend to develop circular scaly patches
  • long incubation period followed by localized inflammation and allergic rxn

-acq from animals & soil….more sever rxn

29
Q

Main Biological Features of Dermatophytes(T,M,E)

  • morphology
  • where hyphae found
  • cycle of fungi
  • geographical distribution

CUTANEOUS

A

morphology:
-macroconidia, microconidia, unussual types of hyphae

geographical distribution:
-all around the world

-long infection period followed by localized inflamation and allergic reaction to fungal proteins

natural resevoirs:
humans, animals, soil

30
Q

Diseases of Trichophyton (Dermatophytes)

  • Ringworm
  • Athlete’s foot
A 
(Ringworm of scalp)
-tinea capitis
-affects scalp and hair-bearing regions of the head/
hair may be lost
(Ringworm of body)
-tinea corporis
-occurs as inflammed, red ring lesions, anywhere on smooth skin
(Ringworm of beard)
-tinea barbar
-affects chin and beard of adult males
-contracted from ANIMALS
(Ringworm of nails)
-tinea unguium
-symptoms:
   white patches in nail beds
-is persistent colonization of nails
-distorts nail bed
(Athlete's foot)????
-tinea pedis and manuum
-is spread by exposure to public surfaces
-occurs betweeen digits and on soles
31
Q

Transmission of Trichophyton(Dermatophytes)

  • Method
  • audience

corporis-direct contact & fomites

A

(Method)
-human, animal
(Habitat)
-hair, skin, nails

(Audience)
capitis- children
pedis-shared shower rooms
unguium-wearing fake nails

32
Q

Diseases of Microsporum(Dermatophytes)
-Ringworm

corporis-direct contact & fomites

A

(Ringworm of Scalp)
–tinea capitis
-affects scalp and hair-bearing regions of the head/
hair may be lost
(Ringworm of skin)
–tinea corporis
-occurs as inflammed, red ring lesions, anywhere on smooth skin

33
Q

Transmission of Microsporum(Dermatophytes)

  • Method
  • audience
A 
(Method)
-Human, animal, soil
(Habitat)
-hair
-skin

(Audience)
capitis-children

34
Q

Diseases of Epidermophyton(Dermatophytes)

-Ringworm of groin and nails

A 
(Ringworm of groin)
-tinea cruris
-affects groin and scronal regions
-jock's itch
(Ringworm of nails)
-tinea unguium
-is persistent colonization of nails
-distorts nail bed
35
Q

Transmission of Epidermophyton(Dermatophytes)

  • Method
  • audience
A 
(Method)
-HUMAN to HUMAN
(Habitat)
-skin
-nails

(Audience)
unguium-wearing fake nails
cruris- sharing shower rooms

36
Q

Mechanism of disease of Dermatophytes

A
  • hardiness of dermatophyte spores

- presence of abraded skin

37
Q

Prevention/Treatment of Dermatophytes

-mortality

A

(Prevention)

(Treatment)
block multiplcation of fungus(skin will renew normally)
tropical antifungals
-toinafte, miconazole

-lamisil or griseofulvin 1-2

38
Q

SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES

A

-ussually cosmetic infections, not inflamatory

39
Q

Main Biological Features of Malassezia furfur

  • morphology
  • where hyphae found
  • cycle of fungi
  • geographical distribution
A 
morphology:
yeast
where hyphae found:
-
cycle of fungi:

geographical distribution:

40
Q

Diseases of Malassezia furfur
-Tenia versicolor

SUPERFICIAL

A

(Tenia versicolor)

  • elicts mild, chronic scaling, motting of skin
  • implicated in foliculitis psoriasis, and seborrheic dermatitis
41
Q

Mechanism of disease of Malassezia furfur

A
  • cosmetic effects

- production of pigment by melanocytes

42
Q

Transmission of Malassezia furfur

  • Method
  • audience
A 
(Method)
-
(Habitat)
-skin glands
(Audience)
43
Q

Prevention/Treatment of Malassezia furfur

-mortality

A

(Prevention)

Treatment

44
Q

OPPORTUNISTIC

A

-all have predisposing factors

45
Q

Main Biological Features of Candida albicans

  • morphology
  • where hyphae found
  • cycle of fungi
  • geographical distribution

*yeast is dominant opportunistic fungi

A

morphology:
-budding cells of varying size that may form both elongate pseudohyphae and true hyphae
off-wite pasty colony with yeasty odor

where hyphae found:
-normal microbiota in pharynx, genetalia, large intestines 20%

geographical distribution:
-widespread

-dominant opportunistic pathogen

46
Q

Diseases of Candida albicans

  • Thrush
  • Vuvovaginal yeast infection
  • Cutaneous candidiasis

OPPORTUNISTIC

A

(Thrush)
-white, adherent patchy infection affecting membranes in oral cavity
(Vuvovaginal yeast infection)
-common in women taking oral microbiota
Symptoms:
discharge, inflamation, painful ulcerations, itching
severe if spread to perineum, thighs

(Onychomycosis)
-attack of keratinized structures.
@risk if constantly immersed in H2O
-intertriginous(skin rubs against skin)

(Cutaneous candidiasis)
-produce scaldlike rash on skin of neonates

47
Q

Mechanism of disease of Candida albicans

A

-produce toxins and metabolytes

48
Q

Transmission of Candida albicans

  • Method
  • audience
A 
(Method)
-
(Habitat)
-oral cavity, genitalia, large intestines or skin
(Audience)
-infants(thrush, vuvovag)
-elderly(thrush)
-pregnant women(vuvovag)
-immunodefficient
-moist skin
49
Q

Prevention/Treatment of Candida albicans

-mortality

A

(Prevention)

(Treatment)

  • tropical antifundgals
  • amphoteicin A and fluconazole for systeic
50
Q

Main Biological Features of Cryptococcus neomformans

  • morphology
  • where hyphae found
  • cycle of fungi
  • geographical distribution
A

morphology:

  • encapsulated* yeast that
  • spherical with buds

where hyphae found:
-soil around pigeoun roosts

cycle of fungi:
-
geographical distribution:
-wisespread
-US

**Does not have hypha form

51
Q 
Diseases of Cryptococcus neomformans
-Cryptococcosis
   >Pulmonary
   >Brain
OPPORTUNISTIC

respiratory*PE, cns, muccocutaneous systems

A

(Cryptococcosis)

-infection of lungs leads to cough, fever, an lung nodules

-dissemination to meninges* and brain* can cause severe neurological disturbances and death
Symptoms:
headache, mental changes, coma, paralysis, seizures

52
Q

Mechanism of disease of Cryptococcus neomformans

A

-capsule

53
Q

Transmission of Cryptococcus neomformans

  • Method
  • audience
A

(Habitat)
-soil around pigeoun roosts
(Audience)
-common infection of AIDS patients or diabetes patients
-construction workkers exposed to pigeon poo

54
Q

Prevention/Treatment of Cryptococcus neomformans-mortality

A

(Prevention)

Treatment
-amophotericin B and fluconazole for systemic

55
Q

Main Biological Features of Pneumocystisis jiroveci & Pneumocytisis Pneumonia

  • morphology
  • where hyphae found
  • cycle of fungi
  • geographical distribution

**lacks ergosterol
has a weak cell wall
obligate parasite

A

morphology:
-small unicellular fungus

where hyphae found:
-
cycle of fungi:
-
geographical distribution:
-
56
Q

Diseases of Pneumocystisis jiroveci & Pneumocytisis Pneumonia
-Pneumonia
OPPORTUNISTIC

A 
(Pneumonia)'
-forms secretions in the lungs that block breathing and can rapildly be fatal if not controlled with meds
-inflamatry condition
-foamy exudate builds up
symptoms:    nonspecific
fever, shallow respiration, cyanosis

-most prominent opportunistic infection in AIDS patients

57
Q

Mechanism of disease of Pneumocystisis jiroveci & Pneumocytisis Pneumonia

A

-

58
Q

Transmission of Pneumocystisis jiroveci & Pneumocytisis Pneumonia

  • Method
  • habitat
  • audience
A 
(Method)
-Pneumomycitis:droplet human, human
(Habitat)
- 
(Audience)
-Immunocompromised
-HIV infections
59
Q

Prevention/Treatment of Pneumocystisis jiroveci & Pneumocytisis Pneumonia
-mortality

**antifungal drugs are ineffective bc they inhibit ergosterol

A

(Prevention)

(Treatment)

-Pentamidine and cotrimoxazole

60
Q

Main Biological Features of Aspergillus fumigatus

  • morphology
  • where hyphae found
  • cycle of fungi
  • geographical distribution
  • mold is 2nd most opportunistic incidence
  • most lung infections
A

morphology:
-branching, sepate mycellium with coniial heads

where hyphae found:
-grows on oilyseeds
cycle of fungi:
-
geographical distribution:
-

*most common Black molds

61
Q 
Diseases of Aspergillus
-invasive aspergilosis
-skin infection
-fungal balls
OPPORTUNISTIC
A

(invasive aspergilosis)
-Necrotic pneumonia

(noninvasive-healthy people)

  • infection ussually occurs in lungs–spores germinate in lungs and form fungal balls
  • can colonize sinuses, ear canals, eyelid, and conjunctiva
62
Q

Mechanism of disease of Aspergillus

A

-

63
Q

Transmission of Aspergillus

  • Method
  • habitat
  • audience
A 
(Method)
-airborne soil fungus
(Habitat)
- 
(Audience)
-AIDS patients, leukemia
-immunocompromized 
-chronic phylo
emphezinma
64
Q

Prevention/Treatment of Aspergillus

-mortality

A

(Prevention)

Treatment
-amphotericinB and nystatin

65
Q

Fungal Allergies and Intoxications

A
  • fungal spores common
  • Seasonal allergies and asthma
  • fungal toxins lead to disease
66
Q

Fungal Allergies and Intoxications Disease

  • Mycotoxicoses
  • Stachybotyrs chartarum
A

(Mycotoxicoses)

  • caused by ingesting or inhaling fungal toxins
  • Alfatoxin

(Stachybotyrs chartarum)

  • sick building syndrome
  • severe hemalogic and neurological damage

Mycology (2 decks)

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