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Ch 22 Flashcards

1
Q

Main Biological Features of Histoplasma capsulatum

  • morphology
  • where hyphae found
  • cycle of fungi
  • geographical distribution

PRIMARY MYCOSES

A

morphology:
dimorphic, produces white hairlike mycellium 35C
@37C< creamy white
-“fish-eye” yeast intracellulary in macrophages
-free yeast
where hyphae found:
-moist soil, high in nitrogen content(GROWS AS MOLD)
-bird droppings
-bait

cycle of fungi:

geographical distribution:
-eastern and central regions of US
(ohio and missisipi valley)
-NOT Australia

-dimorphic*

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2
Q 
Diseases of Histoplasma capsulatum
-Primary Pulmonary infection
-Systemic
-Histoplasmosis: Ohio Valley Fever
>dissemination
A 
from spores, yeast cells from into macrophages
(Histoplasmosis)
Primary Pulmonary infection
Symptoms:
-aches, pains, and coughing
-ussually asymptomatic

systemic: lung disease
-spores germinate in the lungs
-in people with cell-mediated immunity (eg AIDS patients)
80% cure

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3
Q

Mechanism of Histoplasma capsulatum

-virulence

A

Ability to grow dimorphically

-as saprobic mycellium and pathogenic yeast

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4
Q

Transmission of Histoplasma capsulatum

  • Method
  • audience
A 
(Method)
-Inhalation of conidia
(Habitat)
-moist soil tht's high in nitrogen content (bird droppings and bait)
(Audience)
-People living in the ohio valley
-Cave explorers
-spulunkers
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5
Q

Prevention/Treatment of Histoplasma capsulatum

-mortality

A 
(Prevention)
-masks and protective clothing>
>>reduce contact with spores
(Treatment)
-ussually not necessary
-intravenous amphotericin B, flucytosine, azoles, and nystatin
-surgical removal of tissues
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6
Q

Main Biological Features of Coccidioides immitis

  • morphology
  • where hyphae found
  • cycle of fungi
  • geographical distribution

PRIMARY MYCOSES

**Greatest virulence

A

morphology:

  • block-like athroconidia (freeliving)
  • spherules containing endospores(lungs)
  • 25C moist, white colony branching septate hypahe
  • 37-40C artrospore germinates into parasitic phase(SPHERULE)-look like endospores, lack resistant traits

where hyphae found:

  • alkaline soils in semiarid, hot climates
  • riverbeds
  • lake beds

geographical distribution:
-endemic to southwestern US

-forms a white, brown colony
-seperate hyphae
-thhick-walled arthrapone
-at 37C to 40C arthropore germinate into large spherical cells
»spherues

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7
Q 
Diseases of Coccidioides immitis
-Primary Pulmonary infection
-Systemic
-Coccidiomycosis: Valley Fever
>dissemination
A

(Coccidiomycosis)
symptoms:
asymptomatic, cough, low-grade fever –40%
(Menginitis)-7%

-cutaneous lesions
-nodular growths
fungomas and cavity formation in the (lungs) that compromises respiration

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8
Q

Mechanism of disease of Coccidioides immitis

A

-grows dimorphcally, as saprotic mycellium and a pathogenc spherule

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9
Q

Transmission of Coccidioides immitis

  • Method
  • audience
A 
Method:
-Inhilation from asphyrula
-highest rates in southwestern u.s. san joaquin valley
-carried by the wind or animals
(Habitat)
-alkaline soils in semiarid, hot climates
-riverbeds
-lake beds
(Audience)
-rural workers
-immunosupressed
-pregnant women
-Minorities
-when earthquakes disturb the upper layer of soil
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10
Q

Prevention/Treatment of Coccidioides immitis

-mortality

A 
(Prevention)
-minimize exposure
(Treatment)
-not necessary in most cases
-antigungals
-Amphotericin B treatment
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11
Q

Main Biological Features of Blastomyces dermatitidis

  • morphology
  • where hyphae found
  • cycle of fungi
  • geographical distribution

PRIMARY MYCOSES

A

morphology:
-white, sepate mycellium @low temp
creamy, white, wrinkled yeast @ high temp
>Thick walled yeast cells w/ oversized buds provide presumptive ID

where hyphae found:
-distributed in the soil, decaying wood, and animal manure

cycle of fungi:

  • Slow during warmer, dryer times
  • Growth and sporulation during colder, wetter seasons

geographical distribution:

  • Eastern US
  • canada to Louisiana
  • dimorphic
  • freeliving
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12
Q

Diseases of Blastomyces dermatitidis

-NorthAmerican Blastomycosis (Gilchrist disease)

A

(Blastomycosis)
Symptoms:
cough and chest pain, hoarsemeness, fever

> chronic
-lung abscess and tumorlike nodules (may be mistaken for cancer)

(cutaneous)*-common for mycoses
-begins as nodule on face/hands (granulomas)
>attack of CNS 20%
-bone
-nervous sytem

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13
Q

Mechanism of disease of Blastomyces dermatitidis

A

-grows dimorphcally, as saprotic mycellium

>10-100 conidia convert to yeasts and multiply in lungs

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14
Q

Transmission of Blastomyces dermatitidis

  • Method
  • audience
A

(Method)
-inhalation of (10-100) conidia
(Habitat)
-in the soil, decaying wood, and animal manure

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15
Q

Prevention/Treatment of Blastomyces dermatitidis

-mortality

A 
(Prevention)
-prevent inhalation
(Treatment)
-ussually not necessary
-Amphotericin B
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16
Q

Main Biological Features of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

  • morphology
  • where hyphae found
  • cycle of fungi
  • geographical distribution

PRIMARY MYCOSES

A

morphology:

  • small, nondescript colony with scanty, undistinctive spores@ rm tem
  • yeast @37C
  • mother cells have small, narrow-necked buds

where hyphae found:
-cool, humid the soil

geographical distribution:
-Central and South America

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17
Q

Diseases of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
-lung infection
Paracoccidioidomycosis
-systemic disease >not common

A

(Paracoccidioidomycosis)

  • lung infection
  • skin infection
  • often benign & self-limited
  • may invade lungs, skin, lymphatic organs
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18
Q

Mechanism of disease of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

A
  • dimorphic

- disseminates from lungs into nose and mouth

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19
Q

Transmission of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

  • Method
  • audience
A

(Method)
-inhalation or inoculation of spores

(Habitat)
-distributed in the soil
-in decaying vegetation
(Audience)
-rural workers
-plant harvesters
-poor nutrition~
-impaired host resistance
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20
Q

Prevention/Treatment of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

-mortality

A

(Prevention)

Treatment
-SELF LIMITED
Amphotericin B
sulfra drugs

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21
Q

Primary

A

-fully virulent

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22
Q

Subcutaneous infections

A
  • ussually accidntal
  • fungi has to be innoculated
  • involve tissues within and just bellow skin

-inhibited by
-progressive
high temperatures

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23
Q

Main Biological Features of Sporothrix schenckii

  • morphology
  • where hyphae found
  • cycle of fungi
  • geographical distribution

SAPROBIC
SUBCUTANEOUS

A

morphology:

  • small, hard, nontender nodule
  • enlarges becomes more necrotic, breaks through skin surface

where hyphae found:

  • in soil»decomposes plant matter
  • in gardens associated with roseplant
  • thorns and splinters

geographical distribution:
-Arica, Australia, Latin America

-saprobic

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24
Q

Diseases of Sporothrix schenckii

-Sporotrichosis

A

(Sporotrichosis)
infects appendages and lungs
-lymphocutaneous:
occurs when contaminated plant matter penetrates the skin and then pathogen forms a nodule, then spreads to nearby lymph nodes

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25
Mechanism of disease of Sporothrix schenckii LYMPHATIC
forms a nodule, then spreads to nearby lymph nodes -does not spread in circulation - disease is progressive - progress along lymphatic channels
26
Transmission of Sporothrix schenckii - Method - audience
``` (Method) -innoculation under the skin (Habitat) -n gardens associated with roseplant -thorns and splinters ``` (Audience) - stbbed by thorns or splinters - Horticulturists - gardeners - farmers - baskey weavers
27
Prevention/Treatment of Sporothrix schenckii | -mortality
(Prevention) (Treatment) - inhibited by high temp of blood - potassium iodide
28
``` Cutanoeous infection (Dermatophytes) -Trichophyton -Microsporum -Epidermophyton ```
- does not invade tissue - strictly confined to nonliving epidermal tissues - tend to develop circular scaly patches - long incubation period followed by localized inflammation and allergic rxn -acq from animals & soil....more sever rxn
29
Main Biological Features of Dermatophytes(T,M,E) - morphology - where hyphae found - cycle of fungi - geographical distribution CUTANEOUS
morphology: -macroconidia, microconidia, unussual types of hyphae where hyphae found: - cycle of fungi: - geographical distribution: -all around the world -long infection period followed by localized inflamation and allergic reaction to fungal proteins natural resevoirs: humans, animals, soil
30
Diseases of Trichophyton (Dermatophytes) - Ringworm - Athlete's foot
``` (Ringworm of scalp) -tinea capitis -affects scalp and hair-bearing regions of the head/ hair may be lost (Ringworm of body) -tinea corporis -occurs as inflammed, red ring lesions, anywhere on smooth skin (Ringworm of beard) -tinea barbar -affects chin and beard of adult males -contracted from ANIMALS (Ringworm of nails) -tinea unguium -symptoms: white patches in nail beds -is persistent colonization of nails -distorts nail bed (Athlete's foot)???? -tinea pedis and manuum -is spread by exposure to public surfaces -occurs betweeen digits and on soles ```
31
Transmission of Trichophyton(Dermatophytes) - Method - audience corporis-direct contact & fomites
(Method) -human, animal (Habitat) -hair, skin, nails (Audience) capitis- children pedis-shared shower rooms unguium-wearing fake nails
32
Diseases of Microsporum(Dermatophytes) -Ringworm corporis-direct contact & fomites
(Ringworm of Scalp) --tinea capitis -affects scalp and hair-bearing regions of the head/ hair may be lost (Ringworm of skin) --tinea corporis -occurs as inflammed, red ring lesions, anywhere on smooth skin
33
Transmission of Microsporum(Dermatophytes) - Method - audience
``` (Method) -Human, animal, soil (Habitat) -hair -skin ``` (Audience) capitis-children
34
Diseases of Epidermophyton(Dermatophytes) | -Ringworm of groin and nails
``` (Ringworm of groin) -tinea cruris -affects groin and scronal regions -jock's itch (Ringworm of nails) -tinea unguium -is persistent colonization of nails -distorts nail bed ```
35
Transmission of Epidermophyton(Dermatophytes) - Method - audience
``` (Method) -HUMAN to HUMAN (Habitat) -skin -nails ``` (Audience) unguium-wearing fake nails cruris- sharing shower rooms
36
Mechanism of disease of Dermatophytes
- hardiness of dermatophyte spores | - presence of abraded skin
37
Prevention/Treatment of Dermatophytes | -mortality
(Prevention) (Treatment) block multiplcation of fungus(skin will renew normally) tropical antifungals -toinafte, miconazole -lamisil or griseofulvin 1-2
38
SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
-ussually cosmetic infections, not inflamatory
39
Main Biological Features of Malassezia furfur - morphology - where hyphae found - cycle of fungi - geographical distribution
``` morphology: yeast where hyphae found: - cycle of fungi: ``` geographical distribution:
40
Diseases of Malassezia furfur -Tenia versicolor SUPERFICIAL
(Tenia versicolor) - elicts mild, chronic scaling, motting of skin - implicated in foliculitis psoriasis, and seborrheic dermatitis
41
Mechanism of disease of Malassezia furfur
- cosmetic effects | - production of pigment by melanocytes
42
Transmission of Malassezia furfur - Method - audience
``` (Method) - (Habitat) -skin glands (Audience) ```
43
Prevention/Treatment of Malassezia furfur | -mortality
(Prevention) | Treatment
44
OPPORTUNISTIC
-all have predisposing factors
45
Main Biological Features of Candida albicans - morphology - where hyphae found - cycle of fungi - geographical distribution *yeast is dominant opportunistic fungi
morphology: -budding cells of varying size that may form both elongate pseudohyphae and true hyphae off-wite pasty colony with yeasty odor where hyphae found: -normal microbiota in pharynx, genetalia, large intestines 20% cycle of fungi: - geographical distribution: -widespread -dominant opportunistic pathogen
46
Diseases of Candida albicans - Thrush - Vuvovaginal yeast infection - Cutaneous candidiasis OPPORTUNISTIC
(Thrush) -white, adherent patchy infection affecting membranes in oral cavity (Vuvovaginal yeast infection) -common in women taking oral microbiota Symptoms: discharge, inflamation, painful ulcerations, itching severe if spread to perineum, thighs (Onychomycosis) -attack of keratinized structures. @risk if constantly immersed in H2O -intertriginous(skin rubs against skin) (Cutaneous candidiasis) -produce scaldlike rash on skin of neonates
47
Mechanism of disease of Candida albicans
-produce toxins and metabolytes
48
Transmission of Candida albicans - Method - audience
``` (Method) - (Habitat) -oral cavity, genitalia, large intestines or skin (Audience) -infants(thrush, vuvovag) -elderly(thrush) -pregnant women(vuvovag) -immunodefficient -moist skin ```
49
Prevention/Treatment of Candida albicans | -mortality
(Prevention) (Treatment) - tropical antifundgals - amphoteicin A and fluconazole for systeic
50
Main Biological Features of Cryptococcus neomformans - morphology - where hyphae found - cycle of fungi - geographical distribution
morphology: - encapsulated* yeast that - spherical with buds where hyphae found: -soil around pigeoun roosts ``` cycle of fungi: - geographical distribution: -wisespread -US ``` **Does not have hypha form
51
``` Diseases of Cryptococcus neomformans -Cryptococcosis >Pulmonary >Brain OPPORTUNISTIC ``` respiratory*PE, cns, muccocutaneous systems
(Cryptococcosis) -infection of lungs leads to cough, fever, an lung nodules -dissemination to meninges* and brain* can cause severe neurological disturbances and death Symptoms: headache, mental changes, coma, paralysis, seizures
52
Mechanism of disease of Cryptococcus neomformans
-capsule
53
Transmission of Cryptococcus neomformans - Method - audience
(Method) - (Habitat) -soil around pigeoun roosts (Audience) -common infection of AIDS patients or diabetes patients -construction workkers exposed to pigeon poo
54
Prevention/Treatment of Cryptococcus neomformans-mortality
(Prevention) | Treatment -amophotericin B and fluconazole for systemic
55
Main Biological Features of Pneumocystisis jiroveci & Pneumocytisis Pneumonia - morphology - where hyphae found - cycle of fungi - geographical distribution **lacks ergosterol has a weak cell wall obligate parasite
morphology: -small unicellular fungus ``` where hyphae found: - cycle of fungi: - geographical distribution: - ```
56
Diseases of Pneumocystisis jiroveci & Pneumocytisis Pneumonia -Pneumonia OPPORTUNISTIC
``` (Pneumonia)' -forms secretions in the lungs that block breathing and can rapildly be fatal if not controlled with meds -inflamatry condition -foamy exudate builds up symptoms: nonspecific fever, shallow respiration, cyanosis ``` -most prominent opportunistic infection in AIDS patients
57
Mechanism of disease of Pneumocystisis jiroveci & Pneumocytisis Pneumonia
-
58
Transmission of Pneumocystisis jiroveci & Pneumocytisis Pneumonia - Method - habitat - audience
``` (Method) -Pneumomycitis:droplet human, human (Habitat) - (Audience) -Immunocompromised -HIV infections ```
59
Prevention/Treatment of Pneumocystisis jiroveci & Pneumocytisis Pneumonia -mortality **antifungal drugs are ineffective bc they inhibit ergosterol
(Prevention) (Treatment) -Pentamidine and cotrimoxazole
60
Main Biological Features of Aspergillus fumigatus - morphology - where hyphae found - cycle of fungi - geographical distribution * mold is 2nd most opportunistic incidence - most lung infections
morphology: -branching, sepate mycellium with coniial heads ``` where hyphae found: -grows on oilyseeds cycle of fungi: - geographical distribution: - ``` *most common Black molds
61
``` Diseases of Aspergillus -invasive aspergilosis -skin infection -fungal balls OPPORTUNISTIC ```
(invasive aspergilosis) -Necrotic pneumonia (noninvasive-healthy people) - infection ussually occurs in lungs--spores germinate in lungs and form fungal balls - can colonize sinuses, ear canals, eyelid, and conjunctiva
62
Mechanism of disease of Aspergillus
-
63
Transmission of Aspergillus - Method - habitat - audience
``` (Method) -airborne soil fungus (Habitat) - (Audience) -AIDS patients, leukemia -immunocompromized -chronic phylo emphezinma ```
64
Prevention/Treatment of Aspergillus | -mortality
(Prevention) | Treatment -amphotericinB and nystatin
65
Fungal Allergies and Intoxications
- fungal spores common - Seasonal allergies and asthma - fungal toxins lead to disease
66
Fungal Allergies and Intoxications Disease - Mycotoxicoses - Stachybotyrs chartarum
(Mycotoxicoses) - caused by ingesting or inhaling fungal toxins - Alfatoxin (Stachybotyrs chartarum) - sick building syndrome - severe hemalogic and neurological damage

Mycology (2 decks)

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