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Meteorology > Ch 21 - Reporting And Forecasting > Flashcards

Ch 21 - Reporting And Forecasting Flashcards

1
Q

ICAO Annex 3

A

The mothership of all other weather forecasting

Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation

Works with WMO to review the requirements for aviation

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2
Q

WMO

A

World Meteorological Organization

Based in Switzerland

Ensures that all met services follow ICAO annex 3

Provides products and services to contribute to the safety and efficiency of aviation industry, internationally and nationally

Works with the ICAO Anex 3 to review the requirements for aviation

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3
Q

WAFS

A

World Area Forecast System

Provides meteorological authorities and other users with global aeronautical meteorological en-route forecasts

There are 6:
WAFC
Aerodrome Met. Offices
MWO
Aeronautical Met. Centres
Ash Advisory Centre
TCAC
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4
Q

WAFC

A

2; London - met office (Exeter), Washington - NOAA

Provide global upper weather forecasts

Med - High SIGWX

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5
Q

Aerodrome Met. Offices

A

Provide the aerodrome forecasts

Provide regional airfield briefings

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6
Q

MWO

A

Met. Watch Offices

Responsible for SIGMET and AIRMET reports

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7
Q

Aeronautical Met. Centres

A

Responsible for METARS

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8
Q

Ash Advisory Centre

A

Responsible for advisory information on volcanic ash

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9
Q

TCAC

A

Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centres

Provide advisory information on tropical cyclones when the maximum of the 10-minute mean surface wind speed is expected to exceed 17m/s (34kt) during the period covered by the advisory

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10
Q

Aerodrome Warnings

A

Surface warnings

Valid for 6 hours

Sequentially numbered through out the day

Issued when bad weather is present/expected.

Includes every type of inclement weather

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11
Q

Windshear Warnings and Alerts

A

Measured on the ground using apparatus - LLWAS (low level windshear alert system)

Windshear can be present if; inversion, TS, micro/macro bursts, fronts, sea/land breezes

Sequentially numbered

Alerts only come from automated Windshear systems

Updated every minute (EASA)

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12
Q

Preflight Planning

A

Look at all of the reports

In an airline it is the responsibility of the operators

For private flying it is down to you.

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13
Q

GAMET

A

General Aviation Met. Area Forecast

6 hours
Contain info about certain wx below FL100 (LL forecast)
Up to FL150 in mountainous areas

In support of SIGMETs and AIRMETs

Broken into 2;
1 - Surface wind / vis/ SIGWX/ Cloud/ Turb. (General info)
2 - Pressures/ Pressure Systems/ wind/ cloud (more specific)

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14
Q

GAFORS

A

General Aviation Forecasts

6 Hours
Info on visual flight conditions

  • Cloud base/ceiling
  • Visibility
4 categories 
O-open
D-difficult
M-marginal
X-closes
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15
Q

SIGMETs

A

Significant Met Information

MWO (Met Watch Offices)

Details on any occurring/expected significant/dangerous wx
All flight levels considered
4 Hours unless tropical cyclone/volcanic ash clouds in which case it is 6 hours

EASA - Cyclone = 12h, Ash = 6 hours

Sequentially numbered
Cancelled when not relevant anymore

Contain every wx type which is either heavy or severe
SEV MTW
Isolated TS never included on SIGMET

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16
Q

AIRMETs

A

MWO (Met. Watch Offices)

GAMMETs - LL wx effecting the safety and efficiency of flight
Valid for 4 hours
Can be cancelled

Conditions not as hazardous:
Isolated TS, Mountain OBSC, Clouds 1000ft AGL, MOD ice/turb, MOD MTW

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17
Q

METARS

A

Meteorological Aerodrome Report

Updated every 30 minutes
Valid at the time of observation
If SIGWX change/corrected - SPECI will be issued and if the conditions change into dangerous enough ones SIGMET will be issued

Mean wind speed in METARs is averaged out over the last 10 minutes

Gust will be an individual wind that is 10kts more than the mean

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18
Q

Cloud Ceiling

A

The main cloud base AGL

Lowest layer of the cloud that is below 6000m(20000ft) or MSA which ever is higher.

Covering more than half of the sky (BKN or OVC)

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19
Q

RVR Decoded

A

After RVR;
U=Increasing
D=Decreasing
N=No change

Before RVR:
P=More than
M=Less than

V = Significant Variations

VC = in the vicinity of 8km

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20
Q

TAFs

A

Issued every 6/9 hours and then reissued every 3 hours.

Can also be 12/24/36 hour TAFs which are updated every 6 hours

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21
Q

TEMPO

A

Last for half an hour within an hour within the specified time

22
Q

TX

A

Max. Temp Turing the forecasted period

23
Q

TM

A

Minimum temperature during the forecasted period

24
Q

NEVER ASSUME WITH TAFs or METARS

A

no RVR

TAF issued and also TAF Amendments can be issued

25
Q

BECMG

A

Means the weather changes from before this time

It will occur at some point between the times specified

Do not assume in the middle, could be at 1 minute to the specified time

26
Q

PROB30/40

A

30% change of occurring
40% change of occurring

If in a question it asks for most likely - do not take into account anything with PROB involved

If the question asks for expected, you can use the information given in the PROB30/40

27
Q

Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centres (TCAC)

A

Information on cyclones

Start reporting them when they are >34kts (17m/s)

28
Q

Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre

A

Information on volcanic ash and activity - Shown on graphical charts or SIGMETS

There are 9 of these around the world

29
Q

SNOWTAM

A

Report on the presence/removal of contaminants/hazardous conditions; water, snow, ice, slush, or anything else on the RW

Valid for 24 hours

And whether or not they are removing the contaminant

30
Q

ASHTAM

A

Valid for 24 hours

Reports on volcanic activity and any ash clouds

31
Q

Surface Pressure /Weather Charts

A

Lines = Isobars (QFF)

Gaps between isobars = Windspeed

Col - between 2 highs and 2 lows

Warm Occlusion - most common in winter

Updated every 6 hours

And forecast 24,36,48,72 hours ahead with decreasing accuracy

32
Q

SIGWX

A

Solid black line shows jet stream speed and height

Scalloped Box shows you areas of SIG WX and will have a box telling you all about it

CB - indicates severe ice and turbulence

Boxes with number in it is the tropopause height

Box with a roof and H shows you the highest level tropopause in the region

Box with roof on the bottom shows lowest level of the tropopause in the region

33
Q

3 Different Levels of a SIGWX

A

Low level

34
Q

SIGWX Charts Show the following

A 
TC
MOD/SEV TURB
MOD/SEV Icing 
\+DZ and SS 
CB and TS if: cover is more than 50%, SQL, EMB, OBSC, ISOL, OCNL, FRQ 
Tropopause Heights 
Jet streams (have to be >80kt)
RDACTIVE material 
Fronts 
Convergence Zones 
ITCZ 
VA
35
Q

Jet Stream

A

Has to be above 64kts to be counted as a jet stream and above 80kts to be shown on a SIGWX

Will be shown with height of core

Where max speed >120kts, vertical extent is also shown

Double Bar shows that there has been a speed change of <20kts and / or a height change of <3000ft

Solid Arrow shoes a speed change of >20kts and or a level change of >3000ft

36
Q

In Flight Meteorological Broadcasts

A

ATIS

D-ATIS

37
Q

ATIS

A

Automated Terminal Information Service

Current actual weather included wind (magnetic) over a two minute average 
Traffic INfo
RW conditions 
General Warnings 
Additional Operational Info

If it is the first flight of the day you need to report which ATIS you are working from to start with - change every 30 minutes

38
Q

METARS direction

A

TRUE and every 10 minutes

39
Q

ATS

A

Aerodrome Traffic Services

Instant Conditions and orientated to the Magnetic north

40
Q

D-ATIS

A

Data-link Automated Terminal Information service

Same information as the ATIS but comes through the ACARS

41
Q

VOLMET - Continuous

A

VHF (very high frequency)

Continuous METARS with trends (up to two hours after report) and SPECIS

42
Q

VOLMET - Scheduled

A

HF (high frequency)

METARS with trends
SPECI
TAF
SIGMET

43
Q

D-VOLMET

A 
ACARS (Datalink)
METARS with trends
SPECI
TAF
SIGMET
Special Air Reports
AIRMET where available
44
Q

How many stations are allowed on each VOLMET frequency

A

There will be up to 10 stations (airfields) allowed on each frequency

The frequencies will be found on the aeronautical information publication (AIP)

45
Q

SNOCLO

A

RW closed due to snow / contaminants

46
Q

AMDAR

A

Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay System

The WMO - World Meteorological Organisation

It is a system / collection of all the met conditions from all the AC/commercial operating collected from DATALINKS

47
Q

Routine AC Observation

A

Comes from AC with ACARS

Conditions are observed and recorded encounter and in climb out phases of flight

AC ID, Routine Report
Position
Time
Windspeed 
Humidity
48
Q

Special AC Observations

A

Can come from any time in flight

Any communication either from ACARS or Voice communications

They report significant WX;
MOD/SEV TURB
MOD/SEV Ice 
SEV MTW 
TS +/- GR (not isolated)
\+DS and +SS
VA or eruption activity
49
Q

Radiosonde

A

An instrument sent up on a weather balloon and measures:

Humidity
Temperature
Pressure

If it is fitted with a GPS; it can also measure the wind speed and direction

50
Q

Tephigram

A

Shows all of the energy in the atmosphere - the stability levels of the atmosphere

Set Lines on tephigram:
Pressure Levels
DALR SALR 
Dew Point
Temperature Lines

The ELR will be plotted which is collected from the radiosonde

Meteorology (21 decks)

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