CH:21 blood vessels

Question 1

arteries

Answer 1

vessels that carry blood away from the heart, three-layer

Question 2

three layers of arteries

Answer 2

tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa

Question 3

tunica interna - inner most layer

Answer 3

lined with simple squamous epithelium, contracts lumen, basement membrane lies beneath endothelium, internal elastic lamina (elastic tissue) surrounds the basement membrane

Question 4

tunica media - middle layer

Answer 4

usually the thickest layer, has smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Question 5

tunica externa - outer layer

Answer 5

elastic and collagen fiber

Question 6

two types of arteries

Answer 6

elastic arteries and muscular arteries

Question 7

elastic arteries

Answer 7

tunica media has a higher proportion of elastic fibers, larger arteries, propel blood towards smaller arteries

Question 8

muscular arteries

Answer 8

tunica media contains a higher proportion of smooth muscle, allows for vasoconstriction helps direct blood flow, carries blood to organs

Question 9

arteriales

Answer 9

vessels that transport blood to capillaries, smooth muscle predominates, regulates blood flow to capillaries

Question 10

capillaries

Answer 10

composed of basement membrane and simple squamous epithelium, connect arterioles to venules, exchanges substance between blood and tissue cells

Question 11

microcirculation

Answer 11

flow of blood through the capillaries

Question 12

venules

Answer 12

drain capillaries, outer two layers reappear as the venule lead into veins

Question 13

veins

Answer 13

transports blood towards heart, same three layers as arteries, less smooth muscle, valves prevent black flow of blood

Question 14

varicoose vein

Answer 14

weekend valves cause veins to become dilated and twisted

Question 15

hemorrhoid

Answer 15

varicosity of a vessel around the anus

Question 16

anastomoses

Answer 16

joining together of vessels

Question 17

capillary exchange

Answer 17

The movement of substance between the blood and interstitial fluid

Question 18

diffusion

Answer 18

provide movement for substance like oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids, and some hormones

Question 19

transcytosis

Answer 19

larger substances (insulin) pass through the capillary wall via endocytic vesicles

Question 20

bulk flow

Answer 20

a passive process where large numbers of dissolved and suspended particles in a fluid move together in the same direction

Question 21

filtration

Answer 21

pressure driven movement of fluid and solutes from capillaries into interstitial fluid

Question 22

reabsorption (resorption)

Answer 22

pressure driven movement from interstitial fluid interstitial fluid

Question 23

net filtration pressure

Answer 23

net pressure that promotes fluid outflow at the arterial end of a capillary and fluid inflow at the venous end of a capillary

Question 24

Edema

Answer 24

abnormal increase in interstitial fluid volume, filtration exceeds reabsorption

Question 25

hemodyamics

Answer 25

factors affecting blood flow

Question 26

Blood flow

Answer 26

volume of blood that flows through tissues in a period of time, by force of heartbeat and resistance through body

Question 27

tachycardia

Answer 27

rapid HR more than 100BPM

Question 28

bradycardia

Answer 28

slow resting HR less than 60 BPM

Question 29

normal HR

Answer 29

70 - 80 BPM

Question 30

blood pressure

Answer 30

the force exerted by blood against walls of blood vessels due to contraction of left ventricle

Question 31

systolic BP

Answer 31

force in vessels during ventricular systole

Question 32

diastolic BP

Answer 32

pressure remaining in the vessels during ventricular diastolic

Question 33

hypertension

Answer 33

High blood pressure Systolic: greater than 140mmHg Diastolic: Greater than 90mmHg

Question 34

primary hypertension = idiopathic hypertension

Answer 34

causes unknown

Question 35

secondary hypertension

Answer 35

has an identifiable underlying cause

Question 36

renal hypertension

Answer 36

decreased blood flow through kidneys

Question 37

vascular resistance

Answer 37

opposition of blood flow due to friction between the blood and walls o the blood vessels

Question 38

venous return

Answer 38

the pressure difference between the venules (16 mmHg) and the RT atrium (0mmHg), skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump are the primary mechanisms of action

Question 39

Factors that affect BP and BF

Answer 39

Cardiovascular Center, Chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, hormonal influence, and autoregulation of BP,

Question 40

Cardiovascular center

Answer 40

located in medulla oblongata, regulates stroke volume and HR. sympathetic increases HR volume, increases vasoconstriction which increases peripheral resistance, rasping BP

Question 41

Chemoreptors and baroreceptors

Answer 41

respond to pressure and chemical changes

Question 42

juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys release?

Answer 42

renin, this leads to production of angiotensin 2

Question 43

angiotensin 2 causes?

Answer 43

vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone secretion

Question 44

aldosterone causes?

Answer 44

increase sodium absorption (water) in kidneys which increases blood volume

Question 45

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 45

released by posterior pituitary gland of water by the kidneys

Question 46

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 46

released from Adrenal Medulla in response to sympathetic stimulation, these increase the rate and force of cardiac contraction

Question 47

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Answer 47

released when heart is overstretched, inhibits aldosterone production lowering BP, causes excretion of Na+ by the kidneys

Question 48

autoregulation of BP

Answer 48

results from tissues ability to automatically adjust to blood flow

Question 49

physical changes

Answer 49

warm: vasodilation (widens) cold: vasocontraction (tightens)

Question 50

myogenic mechanism

Answer 50

smooth muscle contracts when stretched and relaxed when pressure decreases

Question 51

shock

Answer 51

failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs

Question 52

anerism

Answer 52

weakend vessel wall that budlges outward, area enlarges and burst causes internal bleeding, can lead to hypovolemic shock

Question 53

affects of aging

Answer 53

loss of vessel elasticity, cardiac muscle fibers become smaller and weaker, systolic tends to rise with age