Ch. 20 Promoting Asepsis And Preventing Infection (Week 4 Quiz) Flashcards
What is an infection? What is the best way to prevent it?
When microorganisms capable of producing disease (pathogen) invades the body; handwashing.
The process by which infections spread is referred to as the _____________ ___ __________.
chain of infection
What are the six links in the chain of infection?
- Infectious agents (bacteria that causes illness; sometimes normal flora can be out of balance and become infectious agents)
- Reservoir (a human host carrying the bacteria)
- Portal of exit (leaves human through body fluid such as a sneeze, or through feces, etc.)
- Mode of transmission (direct vs indirect -kissing vs touching a contaminated fomite - can be airborne/droplet or through vector like mosquito/tick).
- Portal of entry (eyes, nose, mouth, mucous membrane, cuts, burns, etc.)
- Susceptible host (person immunity was down when they touched their eyes or nose after touching contaminated fomite).
A place where pathogens survive and multiply (human is common one).
reservoirs
Pathogens enter and exit through what?
Portals of entry and exit
Examples: Eyes, nose, mouth, Vagina, cuts, wounds
IV or drainage sites, Bite from vector
A. The mode of transmission that involves touching, kissing, sexual intercourse is called?
B. The mode of transmission that takes place from touching a contaminated object.
C. _______ transmission occurs when pathogen travels through air directly into another person such as through cough or sneeze. May also occur during suctioning or oral care. It is inhaled or enters the eye of susceptible person. Can travel within few feet of the ill.
D. _____ transmission occurs when smaller organisms float considerable distances on air currents. Can travel through air conditioning/heat system. Tuberculosis is an example. Highly contagious.
A. Direct contact
B. Indirect
C. Droplet
D. Airborne
A. The mode of transmission that involves touching, kissing, sexual intercourse is called?
B. The mode of transmission that takes place from touching a contaminated object.
C. _______ transmission occurs when pathogen travels through air directly into another person such as through cough or sneeze. May also occur during suctioning or oral care. It is inhaled or enters the eye of susceptible person. Can travel within few feet of the ill.
D. _____ transmission occurs when smaller organisms float considerable distances on air currents. Can travel through air conditioning/heat system. Tuberculosis is an example. Highly contagious.
A. Direct contact
B. Indirect
C. Droplet - gown/gloves/mask
D. Airborne - gown/gloves/special fitted mask
A person who is at risk for infection because of inadequate defenses against invading pathogen?
susceptible host
What are the 5 stages of infection?
IPIDC
- Incubation-the time between the infection and symptoms.
- Prodromal- beginning symptoms like throat irritaion.
- Illness-characteristic signs and symptoms (if it’s food poisoning, this is the part where you can’t leave the toilet and your head is in the trash can)
- Decline-after you’ve taken antibiotics for a couple days and start to feel better because the microbes are declining in numbers.
- Convalescence -return to health (in some cases-tissue repair)
Pathogen acquired from the healthcare environment.
Exogenous healthcare related infection (EXO is outside of the body).
Presence of bacteria in blood is called…
bacteremia
Anatomical features that limit pathogen entry (Ex. Skin, tears, mucous membranes, normal flora in GI and urinary tract )
Primary Defense
This type of HRI is caused when normal flora multiply, causing infection AS A RESULT OF TREATMENT.
Endogenous Healthcare Related Infection (ENDO - inside what normally lives there goes haywire).
A ___________ is caused by the use of broad spectrum antibiotics to treat infection, which causes elimination of normal flora, allowing pathogens to multiply.
superinfcetion
Pathogens that get past primary line of defense begin to release waste and secretions and cause breakdown of cells/tissue. The presence of such chemicals activates ______ _______ .
secondary defenses
Examples: phagocytosis, complement cascade (triggers release of chemicals to attach invaders), inflammation, and fever
______ is a process that begins when histamine and other chemicals are released from damaged cells or basophils in response to the activation of the compliment. Typical signs are localized warmth, swelling, pain and redness.
inflammation
What are the classic sign of inflammation?
CALOR (heat),
DOLOR (pain),
TUMOR (swelling),
RUBOR (rednessaka erythemia)
Humoral (body fluid) immunity - such as B-Cell production; And Cell-mediated immunity - such as direct destruction of infected cells by T cells are both ______ defenses
Tertiary
Remember 1st and second defenses are ALWAYS there and ready for invasion. Those described in tertiary have to be manufactured, and would only be ready if infected a second time…so they are tertiary.
Factors that increase infection risk
Age Developmental stage Breaks in skin Illness or chronic disease Lifestyle Multiple sex partners Meds and hospital procedures
Name some factors that increase infection risk …
Age Developmental stage Breaks in skin Illness or chronic disease Smoking/Substance abuse Multiple sex partners Medications Hospital procedures
______ _______ is a state of cleanliness that decreases the potential for the spread of infection.
Medical Asepsis
If you were to test for immunoglobulins,and found IgM and NOT IgG, is this the first or second infection?
IgM meas this is the first encounter with the antigen.
M as in MY first time
IgG means this is not the first time.
G as in I Got this before.