Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CHEM 1220 > Ch. 20: Organic Chemistry I: Structures > Flashcards

Ch. 20: Organic Chemistry I: Structures Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the name for molecules you can smell?

A

odourants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do we smell odourants?

A

the odourants bind with olfactory receptors in our nose and a nerve signal is sent to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define organic molecule

A

A molecule containing carbon combined with several other elements including hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, or sulphur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define organic chemistry

A

The study of carbon-based compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

name three reasons why carbon is unique

A
  1. it tends to form 4 covalent bonds
  2. it is able to form single, double and triple bonds
  3. it has a tendency to catenate (form chains)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define structural isomers

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define structural formula

A

A molecular formula that shows how the atoms in a molecule are connected or bonded to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define alkane

A

A hydrocarbon containing only single bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define alkene

A

A hydrocarbon containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define alkyne

A

A hydrocarbon containing one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define saturated hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon containing no double (or triple) bonds in the carbon chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

define unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon that includes one or more double or triple bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define conjugation

A

a sequence of alternating single and double bonds that results in delocalized pi bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define aromatic hydrocarbon

A

A class of organic molecules that contain rings with alternating single and double C-c bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

conjugation leads to a _____ molecular structure

A

planar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)?

A

hydrocarbons that have two or more rings that are connected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define functional groups

A

A characteristic atom or group of atoms that imparts certain chemical properties to an organic compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define family

A

a group of organic compounds with the same functional group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

halogens are _____ ____ than carbon, which means that the halogen-carbon bonds are ____

A

more electronegative

polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

all organic halides are polar molecules except when…?

A

individual bond dipoles cancel out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

define inductive affect

A

the through-bond donation or withdrawal of electron density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In halides the carbon bonded to the halogen atom has a partial ____ charge and the halogen has a partial ____ charge

A

positive

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the bond dipole between carbon and the halogen atoms ____ (does or does not) affect the polarity of adjacent bonds

A

does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define R groups

A

general representation of an alkyl group in an organic compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is an amine

A

a nitrogen that has three single bonds to hydrogen or R groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the hybridization of amines?

A

sp3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the electron geometry of amines?

A

tetrahedral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the molecular geometry of amines?

A

trigonal pyramidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why are amines polar?

A

due to the electronegativity of the nitrogen atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

define alcohol

A

a memember of the organic family of compounds that contain a hydroxyl functional group (-OH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the general form of alcohols?

A

R-OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the hybridization of the Oxygen in alcohols?

A

sp3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what affect do the lone pair electrons on the oxygen of an alcohol have on the bond angles?

A

the bond angles are slightly less than perfect tetrahedral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what causes the very polar bond between carbon and oxygen in an alcohol?

A

carbons aren’t electronegative and oxygens are very electronegative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does the polar bond between hydrogen and oxygen in alcohols cause?

A

strong hydrogen bonding between alcohols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

due to the ____ of alcohols they are miscible in water, but as the hydrocarbon gets bigger the alcohol becomes ___ soluble

A

polarity

less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

a atoms polarity makes its boiling point ____ than a non polar version of itself

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the general form for ethers?

A

R-O-R’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the hybridization of the oxygen in ethers?

A

sp3

40
Q

are ethers polar?

A

yes they are slightly polar however not polar enough to dissolve in water

41
Q

what group do both aldehydes and ketones contain?

A

a carbonyl group O=C

42
Q

what is the general formula of a aldehyde?

A

R-C-H
||
O

43
Q

what is the general formula of a ketone?

A

R–C–R
||
O

44
Q

aldehydes has one R group and one H with the exception of ____ which has…?

A

methanal

two H atoms

45
Q

what is the hybridization of the oxygen in an carbonyl?

A

sp

46
Q

what is the hybridization of the carbon in an carbonyl?

A

sp2

47
Q

define aldehyde

A

a functional group with the formula RCHO, in which the R group may also be a hydrogen atom

48
Q

define ketone

A

a functional group in which a carbon is double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and two R groups

49
Q

define carbonyl group

A

a functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O)

50
Q

define acyl group

A

a functional group with the group RCO, in which the carbon atom is also bonded to a polar group

51
Q

do carbonyls have resonance structures?

A

yes

52
Q

what is the general structure of carboxylic acid?

A

R-C-OH
||
O

53
Q

what is the difference between the carbonyl group and a acyl group?

A

there is a substituent group on the acyl group which is not a hydrogen or alkyl group bonded to the central carbon atom. instead it has a polar group

54
Q

why are amides relatively unreactive compared to other acyl funtional groups?

A

the are stabilized by their resonance structures

55
Q

define constitutional isomers

A

a molecule that has the same molecular formula, but atoms are connected in a different sequence

56
Q

what is the general formula for a hydrocarbon chain?

A

CnH2n+2

57
Q

what is the general formula for a cycloalkane?

A

CnH2n

58
Q

compounds that have the same molecular formula bu different funtional groups are…?

A

constitutional isomers

59
Q

define stereoisomerism

A

molecules in which the atoms are bonded in the same order, but have a different spatial arrangement

60
Q

what are the two categories of isomerism

A

conformational and configurational

61
Q

define conformational isomerism

A

a type of stereo isomerism that is the result of bond rotations

62
Q

define configurational isomerism

A

a type of stereoisomerism in which atoms or funtional groups are connected in the same sequence, but there is a difference in the spatial locations of atoms or groups

63
Q

define conformers

A

a conformational isomer

64
Q

define rotamers

A

a conformational isomer

65
Q

define three-dimensional formula

A

a representation of a molecular shape in three dimensions, showing some bonds as solid and hashed wedges

66
Q

define Newman projection formula

A

a representation of a molecular conformation in which one looks down the C-C bond of interest

67
Q

define staggered conformation

A

the rotational conformation around a C-C bond in which the groups are located 60° fro, each other

68
Q

define eclipsed conformation

A

the rotational conformation about a C-C bond in which the groups are located 0° from each other

69
Q

define torsional strain

A

the difference in potential energy of staggered and eclipsed conformations

70
Q

define steric strain

A

a repulsive interaction between groups bonded to adjacent carbon atoms that hinders bond rotation

71
Q

define antistaggered conformation

A

the rotational conformation about a C-C bond in which the bulky groups are located 180° from each other

72
Q

define gauche-staggered conformation

A

the rotational conformation about a C-C bond in which bulky groups are located 60° from each other

73
Q

define chair conformation

A

the most stable conformation of cyclohexane

74
Q

define equatorial bonds

A

In the chair conformation of cyclohexane, the bonds that are pointed outward, to the sides of the ring

75
Q

define axial bonds

A

In the chair conformation of cyclohexane, the bonds that are pointed vertically above and below the ring

76
Q

define enantiomers

A

two molecules that are non superimposable mirror images of one another

77
Q

define diastereomers

A

configurational isomers that are not mirror images (and are nonsuperimposable)

78
Q

define cis-trans isomerism

A

cis-isomers have the same funtional groups on the same side of a bond and trans-isomers has the same funtional groups on the opposite sides of the bond

79
Q

define E,Z system

A

the protocol for assigning stereochemical configuration of an alkane with three or more different groups

80
Q

define chirality

A

the type of isomerism in which moleucles are nonsuperimposable mirror images

81
Q

define chirality center

A

a carbon atom with four different substituents in a tetrahedral arrangement

82
Q

define optical activity

A

the ability of a chiral compound to rotate plane-polarized light

83
Q

define levorotatory isomer (L-isomer)

A

capable of rotating the plane polarized light counter clockwise

84
Q

define dextrorotatory isomer (D-isomer)

A

capable of rotating the plane polarized light clockwise

85
Q

define racemic mixture

A

an equimolar mixture of two enantiomers that does not rotate the plane of polarization of light at all

86
Q

define absolute configuration

A

the exact three-dimensional spatial arrangement of atoms at a chirality center

87
Q

define R,S system

A

the protocol for assigning stereo-chemical configuration of achirality center

88
Q

how fast to the C-C bonds rotate at room temperature?

A

extremely fast, to the order of the pico second

89
Q

eclipsed conformers are ____ in energy than staggered conformers

A

higher

90
Q

eclipsed conformers are higher in energy than staggered conformers and this results in a ____ ____ for the rotation of the C-C.

A

energy barrier

91
Q

what is one explanation for torsional strain?

A

staggered conformers are more stable than eclipsed conformers

92
Q

antistaggered conformation has ___ steric strain than Gauche-staggered conformation

A

less

93
Q

define angle strain

A

???

94
Q

to intercovert between two conformatinal isomers what needs to happen?

A

the C-C bond must rotate

95
Q

to intercovert between two configurational isomers what needs to happen?

A

covalent bonds must break

96
Q

what are the three CIP rules for assigning priority

A

(1) determine priority based on atomic mass
(2) if the the atoms connected to the carbons are the same then look at the next atom’s atomic mass and so on
(3) if the substituent contains a double of triple bond, treat it as though there are two (or three if its a triple bond) attached to it

CHEM 1220 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions