ch 20 Flashcards
what is anemia
reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin
how is anemia classified
causes
changes that affect size, shape or substance of RBC
what is the manifestation of anemia
reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood resulting in tissue hypoxia
what is mean corpuscular volume
microcytic- small cell
normocytic- normal cell
macrocytic- large cell
what is mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
normochoromic- normal color
hypochromic- decreased color
what is anisocytosis
red cells are present in various sizes
what is poikilocytosis
red cells are present in various shapes
what are classic anemia symptoms
fatigue
weakness
dyspnea
pallor
what is microcytic-normochromic anemias
due to ineffective RBC DNA synthesis resulting in cells that die prematurely
what is microcytic-normochromic anemias caused by
vitamin B12 deficiencies or folate
what is the epideimiolgy of Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
people over 30
northern european
blacks
hispanics
what is manifestations of vitamin b12 deficiency anemia
weakness fatigue paresthesias of feet/fingers difficulty walking loss of appetite sore tongue that is smooth and beefy red
what is vitamin b12 deficiency anemia due to
deficiency of intrinsic factor maybe congenital due to gastric mucosal atrophy heavy alcohol ingestion cigarette smoking hot tea drinking
how does vitamin b12 deficiency anemia develop
slowly over 20-30 years
folic acid deficiency anemia is essential for
RNA/DNA synthesis in RBC
folic acid deficiency most commonly occurs in
alcoholics or those malnourished
what are the manifestations of folic acid deficiency
similiar to pernicious anemia except no neuralgic symptoms
what is the treatment of pernicious anemia
parenteral or high oral doses of vitamin b12
what is treatment for folate deficiency anemia
daily oral administration of folate
what is microcytic hypo chromic anemia
small RBC that contain abnormally reduced amounts of hemoglobin
microcytic hypo chromic anemia is related to
disorders of iron metabolism
disorders of porphyrin and heme synthesis
disorders of globin synthesis
what is the most common anemia throughout the world
iron deficiency anemia
what is the epidemiology of iron deficiency anemia
pregnant women adolescnets children elderly those with chronic blood loss
blood loss of ____ is enough to cause iron deficiency anemia
2-4ml/day
what could cause iron deficiency anemia in men
ulcers hiatal hernia esophageal varices cirrhosis hemorrhoids ulcerative colitis cancer
what could cause iron deficiency anemia in women
excessive menstrual bleeding
what could cause iron deficiency anemia in men and women
meds that cause GI bleed
decreased iron absorption
insufficient intake
pica
what are early symptoms of iron deficiency anemia
fatigue weakness SOB pale ear lobes palms conjuctiva
what are symptoms of iron deficiency anemia that occur later on
nails become brittle and poon shaped (koilonychia)
tongues papillae atrophy
what is sideroblastic anemia
ineffiecent uptake, resulting in abnormal hemoglobin synthesis. ringed sideroblasts that contain iron granules that have not been synthesized into hemoglobin, have increased tissue levels of iron
what are the 3 types of sideroblastic anemia
acquired
hereditary
reversible
what is acquired sideroblastic anemia
due to drug reaction, alcohol. lead
what is hereditary sideroblastic anemia
x-linked recessive in males
what is reversible sideroblastic anemia
associated with alcoholism and results from deficiencies of folate
what are manifestations of sideroblastic anemia
hepatomegaly- enlarged liver
splenomegaly- enlarged spleen
bronze tinter skin
cardiac arrhythmias
what is normocytic- normochromic
normal sized RBC with normal hemoglobin but insufficient in number
less common
what are the types of normocytic-normochromic
aplasitc- due to radiation, drugs, or lesions within red bone marrow (reduced production of RBC,WBC,platelets )
hemolytic - blood loss
sickle cell
anemia of chronic inflammation
what are examples of anemia of chronic inflammation
aids rheumatoid arthritis lupus erythematosus hepatitis renal failure mallingnacies
what is polycythemia
overproduction of RBC
what is relative polycythemia
result of dehydration
fluid loss results in relative increases of red cell counts and Hgb and Hct values
what is primary absolute polycythemia
abnormality of stem cells in the bone marrow
polycythemia vera
what is secondary absolute polycythemia
increase in erythropoietin as a normal response to chronic hypoxia or an inappropriate response to erythropoietin secreting tumors
what are manifestations of polycythemia vera
tiredness (fatigue) Itching Headache. Sweating Blurred vision or blind spots. Painful burning or numbness of the hands or feet. Bleeding from the gums and heavy bleeding from small cuts. Bone pain.
what is treatment of polycythemia vera
Taking blood out of your veins
Low-dose aspirin
Medication to decrease blood cells.
what are quantitative alterations of leukocytes
leukocytosis
leukopenia
what is leukocytosis
a normal protective physiologic response to physiologic stressors
what is leukopenia
not normal and not beneficial
a low white count predisposes a patient to infections
