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patho exam 2 > ch 20 > Flashcards

ch 20 Flashcards

1
Q

what is anemia

A

reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin

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2
Q

how is anemia classified

A

causes

changes that affect size, shape or substance of RBC

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3
Q

what is the manifestation of anemia

A

reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood resulting in tissue hypoxia

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4
Q

what is mean corpuscular volume

A

microcytic- small cell
normocytic- normal cell
macrocytic- large cell

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5
Q

what is mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

A

normochoromic- normal color

hypochromic- decreased color

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6
Q

what is anisocytosis

A

red cells are present in various sizes

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7
Q

what is poikilocytosis

A

red cells are present in various shapes

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8
Q

what are classic anemia symptoms

A

fatigue
weakness
dyspnea
pallor

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9
Q

what is microcytic-normochromic anemias

A

due to ineffective RBC DNA synthesis resulting in cells that die prematurely

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10
Q

what is microcytic-normochromic anemias caused by

A

vitamin B12 deficiencies or folate

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11
Q

what is the epideimiolgy of Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

A

people over 30
northern european
blacks
hispanics

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12
Q

what is manifestations of vitamin b12 deficiency anemia

A 
weakness
fatigue
paresthesias of feet/fingers
difficulty walking
loss of appetite
sore tongue that is smooth and beefy red
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13
Q

what is vitamin b12 deficiency anemia due to

A 
deficiency of intrinsic factor 
maybe congenital due to gastric mucosal atrophy
heavy alcohol ingestion
cigarette smoking
hot tea drinking
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14
Q

how does vitamin b12 deficiency anemia develop

A

slowly over 20-30 years

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15
Q

folic acid deficiency anemia is essential for

A

RNA/DNA synthesis in RBC

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16
Q

folic acid deficiency most commonly occurs in

A

alcoholics or those malnourished

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17
Q

what are the manifestations of folic acid deficiency

A

similiar to pernicious anemia except no neuralgic symptoms

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18
Q

what is the treatment of pernicious anemia

A

parenteral or high oral doses of vitamin b12

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19
Q

what is treatment for folate deficiency anemia

A

daily oral administration of folate

20
Q

what is microcytic hypo chromic anemia

A

small RBC that contain abnormally reduced amounts of hemoglobin

21
Q

microcytic hypo chromic anemia is related to

A

disorders of iron metabolism
disorders of porphyrin and heme synthesis
disorders of globin synthesis

22
Q

what is the most common anemia throughout the world

A

iron deficiency anemia

23
Q

what is the epidemiology of iron deficiency anemia

A 
pregnant women
adolescnets
children
elderly
those with chronic blood loss
24
Q

blood loss of ____ is enough to cause iron deficiency anemia

A

2-4ml/day

25
Q

what could cause iron deficiency anemia in men

A 
ulcers
hiatal hernia
esophageal varices
cirrhosis
hemorrhoids
ulcerative colitis 
cancer
26
Q

what could cause iron deficiency anemia in women

A

excessive menstrual bleeding

27
Q

what could cause iron deficiency anemia in men and women

A

meds that cause GI bleed
decreased iron absorption
insufficient intake
pica

28
Q

what are early symptoms of iron deficiency anemia

A 
fatigue
weakness
SOB
pale ear lobes
palms
conjuctiva
29
Q

what are symptoms of iron deficiency anemia that occur later on

A

nails become brittle and poon shaped (koilonychia)

tongues papillae atrophy

30
Q

what is sideroblastic anemia

A

ineffiecent uptake, resulting in abnormal hemoglobin synthesis. ringed sideroblasts that contain iron granules that have not been synthesized into hemoglobin, have increased tissue levels of iron

31
Q

what are the 3 types of sideroblastic anemia

A

acquired
hereditary
reversible

32
Q

what is acquired sideroblastic anemia

A

due to drug reaction, alcohol. lead

33
Q

what is hereditary sideroblastic anemia

A

x-linked recessive in males

34
Q

what is reversible sideroblastic anemia

A

associated with alcoholism and results from deficiencies of folate

35
Q

what are manifestations of sideroblastic anemia

A

hepatomegaly- enlarged liver
splenomegaly- enlarged spleen
bronze tinter skin
cardiac arrhythmias

36
Q

what is normocytic- normochromic

A

normal sized RBC with normal hemoglobin but insufficient in number
less common

37
Q

what are the types of normocytic-normochromic

A

aplasitc- due to radiation, drugs, or lesions within red bone marrow (reduced production of RBC,WBC,platelets )

hemolytic - blood loss
sickle cell
anemia of chronic inflammation

38
Q

what are examples of anemia of chronic inflammation

A 
aids
rheumatoid arthritis
lupus erythematosus
hepatitis
renal failure
mallingnacies
39
Q

what is polycythemia

A

overproduction of RBC

40
Q

what is relative polycythemia

A

result of dehydration

fluid loss results in relative increases of red cell counts and Hgb and Hct values

41
Q

what is primary absolute polycythemia

A

abnormality of stem cells in the bone marrow

polycythemia vera

42
Q

what is secondary absolute polycythemia

A

increase in erythropoietin as a normal response to chronic hypoxia or an inappropriate response to erythropoietin secreting tumors

43
Q

what are manifestations of polycythemia vera

A 
tiredness (fatigue)
Itching 
Headache.
Sweating 
Blurred vision or blind spots.
Painful burning or numbness of the hands or feet.
Bleeding from the gums and heavy bleeding from small cuts.
Bone pain.
44
Q

what is treatment of polycythemia vera

A

Taking blood out of your veins
Low-dose aspirin
Medication to decrease blood cells.

45
Q

what are quantitative alterations of leukocytes

A

leukocytosis

leukopenia

46
Q

what is leukocytosis

A

a normal protective physiologic response to physiologic stressors

47
Q

what is leukopenia

A

not normal and not beneficial

a low white count predisposes a patient to infections

patho exam 2 (2 decks)

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