ch 20

Question 1

what is anemia

Answer 1

reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin

Question 2

how is anemia classified

Answer 2

causes

changes that affect size, shape or substance of RBC

Question 3

what is the manifestation of anemia

Answer 3

reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood resulting in tissue hypoxia

Question 4

what is mean corpuscular volume

Answer 4

microcytic- small cell
normocytic- normal cell
macrocytic- large cell

Question 5

what is mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

Answer 5

normochoromic- normal color

hypochromic- decreased color

Question 6

what is anisocytosis

Answer 6

red cells are present in various sizes

Question 7

what is poikilocytosis

Answer 7

red cells are present in various shapes

Question 8

what are classic anemia symptoms

Answer 8

fatigue
weakness
dyspnea
pallor

Question 9

what is microcytic-normochromic anemias

Answer 9

due to ineffective RBC DNA synthesis resulting in cells that die prematurely

Question 10

what is microcytic-normochromic anemias caused by

Answer 10

vitamin B12 deficiencies or folate

Question 11

what is the epideimiolgy of Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

Answer 11

people over 30
northern european
blacks
hispanics

Question 12

what is manifestations of vitamin b12 deficiency anemia

Answer 12

weakness
fatigue
paresthesias of feet/fingers
difficulty walking
loss of appetite
sore tongue that is smooth and beefy red

Question 13

what is vitamin b12 deficiency anemia due to

Answer 13

deficiency of intrinsic factor 
maybe congenital due to gastric mucosal atrophy
heavy alcohol ingestion
cigarette smoking
hot tea drinking

Question 14

how does vitamin b12 deficiency anemia develop

Answer 14

slowly over 20-30 years

Question 15

folic acid deficiency anemia is essential for

Answer 15

RNA/DNA synthesis in RBC

Question 16

folic acid deficiency most commonly occurs in

Answer 16

alcoholics or those malnourished

Question 17

what are the manifestations of folic acid deficiency

Answer 17

similiar to pernicious anemia except no neuralgic symptoms

Question 18

what is the treatment of pernicious anemia

Answer 18

parenteral or high oral doses of vitamin b12

Question 19

what is treatment for folate deficiency anemia

Answer 19

daily oral administration of folate

Question 20

what is microcytic hypo chromic anemia

Answer 20

small RBC that contain abnormally reduced amounts of hemoglobin

Question 21

microcytic hypo chromic anemia is related to

Answer 21

disorders of iron metabolism
disorders of porphyrin and heme synthesis
disorders of globin synthesis

Question 22

what is the most common anemia throughout the world

Answer 22

iron deficiency anemia

Question 23

what is the epidemiology of iron deficiency anemia

Answer 23

pregnant women
adolescnets
children
elderly
those with chronic blood loss

Question 24

blood loss of ____ is enough to cause iron deficiency anemia

Answer 24

2-4ml/day

Question 25

what could cause iron deficiency anemia in men

Answer 25

``` ulcers hiatal hernia esophageal varices cirrhosis hemorrhoids ulcerative colitis cancer ```

Question 26

what could cause iron deficiency anemia in women

Answer 26

excessive menstrual bleeding

Question 27

what could cause iron deficiency anemia in men and women

Answer 27

meds that cause GI bleed decreased iron absorption insufficient intake pica

Question 28

what are early symptoms of iron deficiency anemia

Answer 28

``` fatigue weakness SOB pale ear lobes palms conjuctiva ```

Question 29

what are symptoms of iron deficiency anemia that occur later on

Answer 29

nails become brittle and poon shaped (koilonychia) | tongues papillae atrophy

Question 30

what is sideroblastic anemia

Answer 30

ineffiecent uptake, resulting in abnormal hemoglobin synthesis. ringed sideroblasts that contain iron granules that have not been synthesized into hemoglobin, have increased tissue levels of iron

Question 31

what are the 3 types of sideroblastic anemia

Answer 31

acquired hereditary reversible

Question 32

what is acquired sideroblastic anemia

Answer 32

due to drug reaction, alcohol. lead

Question 33

what is hereditary sideroblastic anemia

Answer 33

x-linked recessive in males

Question 34

what is reversible sideroblastic anemia

Answer 34

associated with alcoholism and results from deficiencies of folate

Question 35

what are manifestations of sideroblastic anemia

Answer 35

hepatomegaly- enlarged liver splenomegaly- enlarged spleen bronze tinter skin cardiac arrhythmias

Question 36

what is normocytic- normochromic

Answer 36

normal sized RBC with normal hemoglobin but insufficient in number less common

Question 37

what are the types of normocytic-normochromic

Answer 37

aplasitc- due to radiation, drugs, or lesions within red bone marrow (reduced production of RBC,WBC,platelets ) hemolytic - blood loss sickle cell anemia of chronic inflammation

Question 38

what are examples of anemia of chronic inflammation

Answer 38

``` aids rheumatoid arthritis lupus erythematosus hepatitis renal failure mallingnacies ```

Question 39

what is polycythemia

Answer 39

overproduction of RBC

Question 40

what is relative polycythemia

Answer 40

result of dehydration | fluid loss results in relative increases of red cell counts and Hgb and Hct values

Question 41

what is primary absolute polycythemia

Answer 41

abnormality of stem cells in the bone marrow | polycythemia vera

Question 42

what is secondary absolute polycythemia

Answer 42

increase in erythropoietin as a normal response to chronic hypoxia or an inappropriate response to erythropoietin secreting tumors

Question 43

what are manifestations of polycythemia vera

Answer 43

``` tiredness (fatigue) Itching Headache. Sweating Blurred vision or blind spots. Painful burning or numbness of the hands or feet. Bleeding from the gums and heavy bleeding from small cuts. Bone pain. ```

Question 44

what is treatment of polycythemia vera

Answer 44

Taking blood out of your veins Low-dose aspirin Medication to decrease blood cells.

Question 45

what are quantitative alterations of leukocytes

Answer 45

leukocytosis | leukopenia

Question 46

what is leukocytosis

Answer 46

a normal protective physiologic response to physiologic stressors

Question 47

what is leukopenia

Answer 47

not normal and not beneficial | a low white count predisposes a patient to infections