Ch. 20-22

Question 1

Phenotype

Answer 1

An observable trait such as human height or butterfly wing color

Question 2

Species

Answer 2

A group of individuals that are capable, through reproduction, of sharing alleles with each other

Question 3

Gene pool

Answer 3

All the alleles present in all of the individuals in a species

Question 4

Population genetics

Answer 4

The study of genetic variation in natural populations

Question 5

Population

Answer 5

Interbreeding groups of organisms of the same species living in the same geographical area

Question 6

Somatic mutation

Answer 6

A mutation that occurs in somatic cells which are any cell of a living organism that is not a reproductive cell

Question 7

Germ-line mutation

Answer 7

A mutation that occurs in eggs and sperm or in the cells that give rise to these reproductive cells and therefore is passed on to the next generation

Question 8

Allele frequency

Answer 8

The proportion of a specified allele among all the alleles of a gene in a population

Question 9

Evolution

Answer 9

A change in the genetic makeup of a population over time

Question 10

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 10

A state in which allele and genotype frequencies do not change over time, implying the absence of evolutionary forces. It describes a situation in which evolution does not occur. And the absence of evolutionary forces, such as natural selection, allele and genotype frequencies do not change.

Question 11

Genotype frequency

Answer 11

The proportion in a population of each genotype at a particular gene or set of genes

Question 12

Fitness

Answer 12

A measure of the extent to which an individuals genotype is represented in the next generation

Question 13

Modern synthesis

Answer 13

The current theory of evolution, which combines Darwin’s theory of natural selection and Mendelian genetics

Question 14

Positive selection

Answer 14

Natural selection that increases the frequency of an advantageous allele

Question 15

Negative selection

Answer 15

Natural selection that decreases the frequency of a deleterious allele

Question 16

Balancing selection

Answer 16

Natural selection that acts to maintain two or more alleles of a given Gene in a population

Question 17

Heterozygote advantage

Answer 17

A form of balancing selection in which the heterozygotes fitness is higher than that of either of the homozygotes, resulting in selection that ensures that both alleles remain in the population at intermediate frequencies

Question 18

Vicariance

Answer 18

The geographical separation of a population, typically by a physical barrier such as a mountain range or river, resulting in a pair of closely related species

Question 19

Allopatric

Answer 19

Occurring in separate non-overlapping geographical areas

Question 20

Biological species concept (BSC)

Answer 20

Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups, cannot be applied to asexual organisms

Question 21

Morphospecies concept

Answer 21

Members of the same species usually look alike

Question 22

Ecological species concept (ESC)

Answer 22

The idea that there is a one-to-one correspondence between a species and its niche; example it is impossible for two species to coexist in the same location if their niches are too similar because competition between them will inevitably lead to the extinction of one

Question 23

Phylogenic species concept (PSC)

Answer 23

Members of a species all share a common ancestry and a common fate

Question 24

Peripatric speciation

Answer 24

A specific kind of allopatric speciation in which a few individuals from a mainland population disperse to a new location remote from the original population and evolve separately

Question 25

Adaptive radiation

Answer 25

A bout of unusually rapid evolutionary diversification in which natural selection accelerates the rates of both speciation and adaptation

Question 26

Co-speciation

Answer 26

A process in which two groups of organisms speciate in response to each other and at the same time

Question 27

Sympatric

Answer 27

Populations that are in the same geographic location