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Sociology 102: Cultural Anthropology > Ch. 2: What Is Culture? > Flashcards

Ch. 2: What Is Culture? Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In his book Primitive Culture, Sir Edward Tylor proposed what?

A

Cultures obey natural laws and therefore can be studied scientifically.

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2
Q

What is Enculturation?

A

The process by which a child learns their culture through growing up.

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3
Q

What are symbols?

A

Signs that have no necessary or natural connection to the things they signify or for which they stand.

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4
Q

Who described cultures as sets of “control mechanisms” and likens them to computer programs that govern human behavior?

A

Anthropologist Clifford Geertz (1973).

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5
Q

What are the ways culture is learned?

A

Taught directly
Observation
Absorbed unconsciously

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6
Q

No other animal besides human has developed anything as complex as____

A

Language

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7
Q

What are the abilities on which culture rests?

A

Learn, think symbolically, language, use tools and products

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8
Q

What links people who grow up in the same culture?

A

Shared beliefs, values, memories, and expectations

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9
Q

We are most likely to agree with and feel comfortable with people who are_____

A

Socially, economically, and culturally similar to ourselves.

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10
Q

Our culture and cultural changes affect the ways in which we perceive_____

A

Nature
Human nature
The Natural

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11
Q

Cultures are integrated______

A

Patterned systems

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12
Q

What are core values?

A

Key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture

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13
Q

What is the main reason for human adaptability and success?

A

Culture

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14
Q

We use technology and tools to______

A

Cope with environmental stresses

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15
Q

Culture is used instrumentally which means____

A

To fulfill basic needs for food, drink, shelter, comfort, and reproduction

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16
Q

Examples of maladaptive aspects of culture include:

A

Policies that encourage overpopulation
Poor food distribution systems
Overconsumption
Environmental degradation

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17
Q

What is Hominidae/hominid?

A

The zoological family that includes fossils and living humans, chimps, and gorillas

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18
Q

What are Hominins?

A

All the human species that ever existed

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19
Q

Which human traits reflect that our ancestors lived in trees?

A

Grasping ability and manual dexterity
Depth and color vision
Learning ability
Parental investment
Sociality and cooperation

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20
Q

Difference between primates and most mammals?

A

Ratio of brain to body size

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21
Q

What is society?

A

Organized life in groups

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22
Q

Similarities between primates

A

Ability to learn from experience and change behavior to adapt to environment, use tools, aim and throw

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23
Q

Differences between humans and primates

A

Elders are respected and cared for, greater amount of stored information, marriage included in mating, exogamy and kinship.

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24
Q

What are universal features?

A

Found in every culture

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25
Q

What are generalities?

A

Common to several but not all human groups

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26
Q

What are particularities?

A

Unique to certain cultural traditions

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27
Q

What are some universal cultural features?

A

Long period of infant dependency
Year round sexuality
Complex brain patterns for symbols, language, and tools

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28
Q

What are some generalities?

A

The nuclear family structure
A common language

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29
Q

A cultural particularity is a trait that is____

A

Confined to a single place, culture, or society

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30
Q

When cultural traits are borrowed, they are____

A

Modified to fit the culture that has adopted them

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31
Q

Which universal life cycle events can vary between cultures?

A

Birth
Puberty
Marriage
Parenthood
Death

32
Q

System can refer to_____

A

Various Concepts, including culture, society, social relations, or social structure that are made up of individuals.

33
Q

Cultures are constantly changing because____

A

People learn, interpret, and manipulate the same rule in different ways to suit their interests.

34
Q

What is ideal culture?

A

What people say they do and should do

35
Q

What is real culture?

A

The actual behavior of a person as observed by an Anthropologist.

36
Q

How are individuals and culture linked?

A

Through internalizing the meaning of public messages and then converting their understandings to public expression.

37
Q

What is Agency?

A

The actions that individuals take, both alone and in groups, in forming and transforming cultural identities.

38
Q

What is practice theory?

A

An approach to culture that individuals within a society or culture have diverse motives, intentions, and different degrees of power and influence.

39
Q

What contrasts are associated with practice theory?

A

Gender, age, ethnicity, class, and social variables

40
Q

Practice theory recognizes a _____ relation between culture and the individual.

A

Reciprocal

41
Q

Practice theory recognizes constraints on ______ and flexibility and changeability of _______

A

Individual
Cultures and social systems

42
Q

Beliefs, learned behavior patterns, values, and institutions shared by citizens of the same nation.

A

National culture

43
Q

Cultural traditions that extend beyond and across natural boundaries.

A

International culture

44
Q

Cultural traits can spread through____

A

Borrowing, or diffusion from one group to another.

45
Q

What are different symbol based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups within the same society?

A

Subcultures

46
Q

Where do subcultures originate?

A

Region
Ethnicity
Language
Class
Religion

47
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

The tendency to view one’s own culture as superior to others and to use own standards to judge outsiders.

48
Q

One goal of anthropology is____

A

To show the value in the lives of others

49
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Behavior should not be evaluated by outside standards but in the context of the culture it occurs in.

50
Q

A particular practice may be supported by some people more than others when___

A

There are power differentials

51
Q

Cultural relativism is not a moral belief but a _____

A

Methodological position

52
Q

What are human rights?

A

Rights based on Justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions.

53
Q

What is inalienable?

A

Nations cannot abridge or terminate them

54
Q

What are the four UN documents that describe most human rights?

A

UN Charter
Universal Declaration of Human rights
The Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural rights
The Covenant on Civil and Political rights

55
Q

What are cultural rights?

A

Rights vested in religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies

56
Q

Examples of cultural rights include___

A

Ability to choose how to raise children
Continue language
Not be deprived of economic base
Self determination
Home rule
Right to practice religion, culture, lang.

57
Q

What are indigenous intellectual property rights? (IPR)

A

An indigenous group’s collective knowledge and its applications

58
Q

Enthnomedicine, cosmetics, cultivated plants, foods, folklore, arts, crafts, songs, dances, costumes, and rituals are all examples of what?

A

Cultural commercial value

59
Q

What does the 1954 Hague Convention for the protection of Cultural property in the event of armed conflict state?

A

Targeting of cultural sites is a war crime

60
Q

What is UNESCO?

A

United Nations Cultural Agency

61
Q

What is a heritage?

A

Something that has been passed on from previous generations

62
Q

What is Cultural Heritage?

A

The culture, values, and traditions of a particular group - material and intangible - that gets passed on

63
Q

What are sites with items that are recognized as important to the shared history of humanity?

A

World Heritage Sites

64
Q

What is NAGPRA?

A

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

65
Q

What is cultural diffusion?

A

The borrowing of traits between cultures

66
Q

Diffusion is direct when ___

A

Two cultures trade, intermarry, or wage war

67
Q

Diffusion is forced when ____

A

One culture subjugates another and imposes it’s customs on the dominated group

68
Q

Diffusion is indirect when ____

A

Items move from A to C by means of B without any contact

69
Q

Much transnational diffusion is due to the spread of _____

A

Mass media and advanced information technology

70
Q

What is acculturation?

A

The exchange of cultural features that results when two groups have continuous contact

71
Q

What is pidgin?

A

A mixed language that develops to ease communication in situations of trade or colonialism

72
Q

What is independent invention?

A

The process by which humans innovate to find solutions to problems

73
Q

What is globalization?

A

The accelerating interdependence of nations in the world system today

74
Q

What are 3 examples of economic globalization?

A

World Trade Organization
International Monetary Fund
The European Union

75
Q

What is the primary meaning of globalization?

A

Worldwide connectedness

76
Q

The political meaning of globalization refers to ____

A

Efforts by international finance powers to create a global free market for goods and services

77
Q

What plays a key role in creating globalizations?

A

Easy access to rapid communication

Sociology 102: Cultural Anthropology (2 decks)

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