ch 2 vocab Flashcards
1
Q
protein
A
biomacromolecule made of amino acid chains folded into a 3D shape
2
Q
polypeptide
A
a long chain of amino acids. proteins can be made of amino acids. Proteins can be made of one or many polypeptides
3
Q
proteome
A
all the proteins that are expressed by a cell or organism at a given time
4
Q
enzyme
A
an organic molecule, typically a protein, that catalyses specific reactions
5
Q
peptide hormone
A
a protein signaling molecule that regulates physiology or behaviour
6
Q
antibody
A
a protein produced by plasma cells during adaptive immune response that is specific to an antigen and combats pathogens in a variety of ways. AKA immunoglobin
7
Q
carboxyl group
A
the functional group of an amino acid molecules that contains a hydroxyl group and an oxygen double - bonded to a carbon atom
8
Q
amino group
A
the functional group on amino acid molecules that is made up of one nitrogen and 2 hydrogens (NH2)
9
Q
r - group
A
the variable portion of
an amino acid molecule. It can
be one of twenty variations and
determines the identity of the
amino acid
10
Q
hydrophobic
A
having a tendency
to repel and be insoluble in water
11
Q
hydrophilic
A
having a tendency
to be attracted to and dissolve
in wate
12
Q
monomer
A
a molecule that
is the smallest building block
of a polymer
13
Q
polymer
A
a large molecule that
is made up of small, repeated
monomer subunits
14
Q
condensation reaction
A
a reaction
where two monomers join to form
a larger molecule, producing water
as a by-product
15
Q
peptide bond
A
the chemical bond
linking two amino acids
16
Q
primary structure
A
the first level
of protein structure, which refers
to the sequence of amino acids
in a polypeptide chain
17
Q
secondary structure
A
the level
of protein structure where the
amino acid chain forms either
alpha-helices, beta-pleated
sheets, or random coils
18
Q
tertiary structure
A
the functional
3D shape of a polypeptide chain
19
Q
quaternary structure
A
the level
of protein structure where
multiple polypeptide chains bond
together, or other non-protein
groups are added to form a fully
functional protein
20
Q
alpha helix
A
an organised coiled
secondary structure of proteins
21
Q
beta-pleated sheet
A
an organised
folded secondary structure
22
Q
random coil
A
an irregular
secondary structure of proteins
that is neither an alpha helix nor
a beta-pleated sheet
23
Q
disulphide bond
A
a strong covalent
bond occurring between two
sulphur atoms
24
Q
prosthetic group
A
a non-protein
group bound to a protein. For
example, a vitamin or ion
25
nucleic acid
the class of
macromolecule that includes DNA
and RNA. All nucleic acids are
polymers made out of nucleotide
monomers
26
polymer
a large molecule that
is made up of small, repeated
monomer subunits
27
nucleotide
the monomer subunit
of nucleic acids. Made up of a
nitrogen-containing base, a five
carbon sugar molecule (ribose in
RNA and deoxyribose in DNA),
and a phosphate group
28
monomer
a molecule that
is the smallest building block
of a polymer
29
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
a double-stranded nucleic acid
chain made up of nucleotides.
DNA carries the instructions for
proteins which are required for
cell and organism survival
30
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
a single
stranded nucleic acid chain made
up of nucleotides. Includes mRNA,
rRNA, and tRNA
31
phosphodiester bond
a strong
covalent bond linking a five-carbon
sugar to a phosphate group
32
condensation reaction
a reaction
where two monomers join to form
a larger molecule, producing water
as a by-product
33
sugar-phosphate backbone
a strong covalently linked chain of
five-carbon sugar molecules and
phosphate groups in a nucleic
acid chain
34
chromosome
a structure made
of protein and nucleic acids that
carries genetic information
35
gene
a section of DNA that
carries the code to make a protein
36
genome
the complete set of DNA
housed within an organism
37
antiparallel
a characteristic of
DNA strands describing how
each strand runs in an opposite
direction to the other. One strand
runs in a 3’ 5’ direction and the
other runs in a 5’ 3’ direction
38
complementary base pairing
describes which nucleotides can
form hydrogen bonds with each
other. C pairs with G, A pairs with
T (or U in RNA)
39
double helix
the structure of
double-stranded DNA in the
nucleus of eukaryotic cells, where
each DNA strand wraps around a
central axis
40
nuclear DNA
DNA that is located
in the nucleus of a cell
41
messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA molecules that are produced
during transcription and carry
genetic information from the
nucleus to the ribosomes
42
transfer RNA (tRNA)
RNA that recognises specific
codons on the mRNA strand and
adds the corresponding amino acid
to the polypeptide chain during
protein synthesis
43
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
RNA that is a key structural
component of ribosomes,
which assemble proteins
44
gene
a section of DNA that
carries the code to make a protein
45
transcription
the process
whereby a sequence of DNA is
used as a template to produce a
complementary sequence of mRNA
46
translation
the process where an
mRNA sequence is read to produce
a corresponding amino acid
sequence to build a polypeptide
47
genetic code
the set of rules by
which information is encoded in
genetic material
48
triplet
the sequence of three
nucleotides in DNA coding for one
amino acid
49
codon
the sequence of three
nucleotides in mRNA coding for
one amino acid
50
start codon
the sequence of three
nucleotides in mRNA that signals
the start of translation
51
stop codon
the sequence of three
nucleotides in mRNA that signals
the end of translation
52
promoter
the sequence of DNA to
which RNA polymerase binds
53
RNA polymerase
the enzyme
responsible for constructing a
pre-mRNA sequence from a DNA
sequence during transcription
54
TATA box
a type of promoter
region
55
introns
non-coding regions
of DNA that do not code for
proteins. They are spliced out
during RNA processing
56
exons
regions of DNA that code
for proteins and are not spliced out
during RNA processing
57
termination sequence
a sequence of DNA that signals
the end of transcription
58
operator
a short region of DNA
that interacts with repressor
proteins to alter the transcription
of an operon
59
repressor protein
a protein
coded for by a regulatory gene
that prevents gene expression by
binding to its operator
60
gene expression
the process of
reading the information stored
within a gene to create a functional
product, typically a protein
61
gene expression
the process of reading the information stored within a gene to create a functional product, typically a protein
62
transcription
the process whereby a sequence of DNA is used as a template to produce a complementary sequence of mRNA
63
pre cursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA)
the immediate product of transcription of a DNA sequence. Requires modifications before it can undergo translation
64
translation
the process where an mRNA strand and adds the corresponding amino acid to the polypeptide chain during protein synthesis
65
transcription factor
proteins that bind to the promoter region and control the functioning of RNA polymerase
66
template strand
the strand of DNA transcribed by RNA polymerase to produce a complementary pre - mRNA strand
67
coding strand
the strand of
DNA not transcribed by RNA
polymerase, contains an identical
sequence to the mRNA strand
produced (except thymine is
replaced with uracil in mRNA)
68
termination sequence
a sequence
of DNA that signals the end
of transcription
69
ribosome
an organelle made of
rRNA and protein that is the site
of protein synthesis. Can be free
in the cytosol or attached to the
rough endoplasmic reticulum
70
5’ methyl-G cap
a molecule
added to the 5’ end of pre-mRNA
during RNA processing
71
3’ poly-A tail
a chain of adenine
nucleotides added to the 3’ end of
pre-mRNA during RNA processing
72
splicing
process where introns are
cut out of a pre-mRNA molecule,
and exons are joined together
73
spliceosome
the enzyme that
removes introns from the pre
mRNA molecule and joins exons
together during RNA processing
74
alternative splicing
the process
where different exons may be
spliced, resulting in a single gene
producing multiple different
mRNA strands
75
anti codon
the sequence of three
nucleotides on a tRNA molecule
that recognises a specific sequence
of three nucleotides (codon) on an
mRNA strand
76
peptide bond
the chemical bond
linking two amino acids
77
condensation reaction
a reaction
where two monomers join to form
a larger molecule, producing water
as a by-product
78
exocytosis
a type of bulk
transport that moves large
substances out of a cell
79
gene regulation
the control of
gene expression, typically achieved
by switching transcription on or of
80
gene expression
the process of
reading the information stored
within a gene to create a functional
product, typically a protein
81
structural gene
a segment
of DNA that doesn’t code for
regulatory proteins, but instead
codes for proteins that play a role
in the structure or function of a cell
or organism
82
regulatory gene
a segment of
DNA responsible for producing
proteins that control the
expression of other genes
83
repressor protein
a protein
coded for by a regulatory gene
that prevents gene expression by
binding to its operator
84
activator protein
a protein coded
for by a regulatory gene that
increases gene expression
85
promoter
the sequence of DNA to
which RNA polymerase binds
86
operator
a short region of DNA
that interacts with repressor
proteins to alter the transcription
of an operon
87
operon
a cluster of linked genes
that all share a common promoter
and operator and are transcribed
at the same time
88
trp operon
a series of genes
within certain species of bacteria
that encode for the production of
the amino acid tryptophan
89
trp operon expression
mechanism
for gene regulation within the trp
operon whereby repressor proteins
stop the initiation of transcription
when tryptophan levels are high
90
conformational change
a change
in the three-dimensional shape of
macromolecules such as proteins
91
trp operon attenuation
mechanism for gene regulation
within the trp operon whereby the
premature ceasing of translation
stops transcription when
tryptophan levels are high
92
leader region
the segment of
DNA or mRNA that immediately
precedes the coding region. Also
known as the leader segment or
leader sequence
93
attenuator sequence
part of the
leader region within the trp operon
that allows for attenuation
94
terminator hairpin
a loop
formed in mRNA in the presence
of tryptophan that ceases
transcription of the trp operon
95
antiterminator hairpin
a loop
formed in mRNA when tryptophan
is not present that ensures the
transcription of the structural
genes in the trp operon
96
vesicle
a small fluid-filled
organelle enclosed in a
phospholipid membrane that
transports substances around
the cell
97
bulk transport
a type of active
transport that uses vesicles to
move large molecules or groups of
molecules into or out of the cell
98
active transport
the movement
of molecules across a
semipermeable membrane
requiring an energy input
99
secretory products
the substances inside a vesicle
that are being transported out of
the cell
100
plasma membrane
the phospholipid bilayer with
embedded proteins which
separates the intracellular
environment from the
extracellular environment
101
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
a membranous organelle shaped
like a series of connected, flattened
cylinders that folds and transports
proteins via its attached ribosomes
102
Golgi apparatus
an organelle
made of flattened sacs of
membrane involved in modifying,
sorting, and packaging proteins.
Also known as the Golgi body or
Golgi complex
103
mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria)
a double-membrane-bound
organelle that is the site of the
second and third stages of aerobic
cellular respiration
104
