Ch 2 - The Structure and Process of Criminal Justice

Question 1

criminology

Answer 1

The scientific study of crime and criminal behaviour.

Question 2

criminal justice

Answer 2

The study of social control and the agencies that are involved in the apprehension, prosecution, defence, sentencing, incarceration, and supervision of those suspected or charged with or convicted of criminal offences.

Question 3

criminal justice system

Answer 3

All the agencies, organizations, and personnel that are involved in the prevention of, and response to, crime and to persons charged w/ criminal offences and persons convicted of crimes.

Question 4

crime control (model of criminal justice)

Answer 4

An orientation to criminal justice in which the protection of the community and the apprehension of offenders are paramount.

Question 5

due process model (of criminal justice)

Answer 5

An orientation to criminal justice in which the legal rights of individual citizens, including crime suspects, are paramount.

Question 6

task environment

Answer 6

The cultural, geographic, and community setting in which the criminal justice system operates and justice personnel make decisions.

Question 7

Constitution Act, 1867

Answer 7

The legislation setting out the division of responsibilities btwn the federal and provincial or territorial governments.

Question 8

Criminal Code

Answer 8

Federal legislation that sets out criminal laws, procedures for prosecuting federal offences, and sentences and procedures for the administration of justice.

Question 9

adversarial system

Answer 9

A system of justice that is based on two opposing sides - the prosecution and the defence - arguing the guilt or innocence of a person before a judge or jury.

Question 10

beyond a reasonable doubt

Answer 10

The standard that must be met to convict a defendant in a criminal case, which requires that the facts presented provide the only logical explanation for the crime.

Question 11

discretion

Answer 11

The freedom to choose among different options when confronted w/ the need to make a decision.

Question 12

ethics

Answer 12

“The foundation of knowledge that describes right/wrong or better/worse…and applies to harm/care and fairness/reciprocity.”

Question 13

ethical issues

Answer 13

“Broad social questions, often concerning the government’s social control mechanisms and the impact on those governed, for example, what laws to pass, what sentences to attach to certain crimes.”

Question 14

ethical dilemmas

Answer 14

Situations in which criminal justice personnel must decide what to do.

Question 15

duty to act fairly

Answer 15

The obligation of corrections to ensure that offenders are treated fairly by corrections personnel.

Question 16

evidence-based practice

Answer 16

Policies, strategies, and programs that have been shown by evaluation research to be effective in achieving specified objectives.

Question 17

penal populism

Answer 17

Corrections policies that are formulated in pursuit of political objectives, often in the absence of an informed public or in spite of public opinion.