Ch 2 - The History of Management

Question 1

thoroughly studying and testing different work methods to identify the best, most efficient way to complete a job

Answer 1

Scientific management

Question 2

when workers deliberately slow their pace or restrict their work output

Answer 2

Soldiering

Question 3

a group member whose work pace is significantly faster than the normal pace in his or her group

Answer 3

Rate buster

Question 4

breaking each task or job into its separate motions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive

Answer 4

Motion study

Question 5

timing how long it takes good workers to complete each part of their jobs

Answer 5

Time study

Question 6

a graphical chart that shows which tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task

Answer 6

Gantt chart

Question 7

the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge, expertise, or experience

Answer 7

Bureaucracy

Question 8

an approach to dealing with conflict in which one party satisfies its desires and objectives at the expense of the other party’s desires and objectives

Answer 8

Domination

Question 9

an approach to dealing with conflict in which both parties give up some of what they want in order to reach agreement on a plan to reduce or settle the conflict

Answer 9

Compromise

Question 10

an approach to dealing with conflict in which both parties indicate their preferences and then work together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both

Answer 10

Integrative conflict resolution

Question 11

a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces created by two or more people

Answer 11

Organization

Question 12

a set of interrelated elements or parts that function as a whole

Answer 12

System

Question 13

smaller systems that operate within the context of a larger system

Answer 13

Subsystems

Question 14

when two or more subsystems working together can produce more than they can working apart

Answer 14

Synergy

Question 15

systems that can sustain themselves without interacting with their environments

Answer 15

Closed systems

Question 16

systems that can sustain themselves only by interacting with their environments, on which they depend for their survival

Answer 16

Open systems

Question 17

holds that there are no universal management theories and that the most effective management theory or idea depends on the kinds of problems or situations that managers are facing at a particular time and place

Answer 17

Contingency approach