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Speech & Hearing Science > Ch. 2 Sound Waves > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Sound Waves Flashcards

1
Q

Acoustic Resonator

A

a partially or completely enclosed container, in which air inside is set into vibration

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2
Q

Amplitude

A

The magnitude of the compressions and rarefactions of air molecules

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3
Q

Antinode

A

maximum vibratory amplitude

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4
Q

Aperiodic

A

A stream of alternating compressions and rarefactions of air molecules having no clear repeating pattern

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5
Q

Boundary

A

interface between two mediums

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6
Q

Complex tone or sound

A

A stream of alternating compressions and rarefactions of air molecules that contains more than one sine wave

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7
Q

Compression

A

The collision of air molecules that results in regions of increased number of molecules per given area, and therefore yield higher force acting perpendicular to a surface

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8
Q

Constructive interference

A

an area of low density of air molecules of one sound wave meets a similar area of low density air molecules of another wave, with the net effect to exaggerate the low density. Similar effect for areas of high density of two waves that meet.

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9
Q

Continuous Spectrum

A

a stream of compressions and rarefactions that, when displayed in a plot rate of vibration versus amplitude, shows amplitudes at all rates of vibration

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10
Q

Decibel scale

A

A scale based upon multiples of 10 that is used to measure the power of a sound

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11
Q

Destructive interference

A

An area of low density of air molecules of one sound wave meets an area of high density air molecules of another wave, thus cancelling each other out (or nearly so). Similar effect for areas of high density of two waves that meet

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12
Q

Diffraction

A

A stream of alternating compressions and rarefactions of air molecules is deflected around a mass directly in its path instead of going through it

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13
Q

Displacement force

A

A push or pull that causes a mass to be moved away from its point of rest or balance

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14
Q

Elasticity

A

The ability of an object, once altered in shape due to push or pull, to return to its resting shape after the push or pull is removed

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15
Q

Envelope (spectrum envelope)

A

The edge shape formed by the display of ability to do work at each rate of vibration represented in a sound wave

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16
Q

Equilibrium

A

A dynamic state in which the pushes or pulls acting upon a mass from different directions are equalized

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17
Q

Forced vibrations

A

A solid or fluid is set into alternating compressions and rarefactions by an outside solid or fluid that itself is undergoing a wave of alternating compressions and rarefactions

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18
Q

Free vibrations

A

Occurs when a solid or fluid is allowed to oscillate without an outside force

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19
Q

Frequency

A

the rate at which an object vibrates

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20
Q

Fundamental Frequency

A

The lowest or slowest number of times per second that particles oscillate per second

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21
Q

Harmonic

A

A whole-number multiple of the slowest or lowest rate of vibration of a sound wave

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22
Q

Hooke’s Law

A

The increase or decrease in the length of a material is relative to the push or pull applied to that material

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23
Q

Incident wave

A

The first oscillatory stream that emanates from the source of oscillation

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24
Q

Intensity

A

The ability to do work per unit area; amplitude of a sound pressure wave

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25
Inverse square relationship
The ability to do work per unit area varies in an opposite fashion with the distance from the source, equal to the value raised to itself
26
Line spectrum
The energy at each rate of vibration is represented by a vertical straight connection between two points, the tallness of which corresponds to the amount of energy
27
Logarithmic scale
a scaled based upon multiples of nine plus one, such as the decibel scale. Equal intervals along the scale represent equal fractions between raw values
28
Longitudinal wave
The particles of the medium travel equivalently to each other without intersecting one another, all in the direction in which the overall flow is traveling
29
Loudness
the human sensation of the power per unit area of sound
30
Mechanical resonator
a mass set into a series of alternating compressions and rarefactions
31
Mechanical Wave
a flow of compressions and rarefactions that requires a solid or fluid in which to propagate itself
32
Nearly periodic (quasiperiodic)
a series of alternating compressions and rarefactions that is almost, but not quite, regularly repeating
33
Node
minimum vibratory amplitude
34
Oscillation
a series of back and forth cyclic movements about some point
35
Overtone
The musical term for an integer multiple of the slowest or lowest rate of vibration
36
Period
duration of one cycle
37
Periodic
a regular similarity of back and forth cyclic movements from cycle to cycle
38
Phase
a point in the back and forth pattern of oscillation at which the vibration starts
39
Phon scale
perception scale per loudness
40
Pitch
the human judgement of the rate of vibration of a sound wave
41
Power spectrum
a plot of energy per unit of time of a given rate of vibration of a sound wave
42
Pressure
The push or pull acting at 90 degree angle to a mass. It is the magnitude of the momentum of fluid molecules.
43
Psychophysics
the study of the connection between the actual properties of a stimulus and the human perception of that experience
44
Pulse Wave
a unitary change in energy travels through a medium
45
Pure tone
Object vibrating in SHM produces only one tone
46
Rarefaction
regions of lowered number of air particles per unit area, resulting in lower force exerted perpendicular to a surface
47
Reflected wave
The portion of the ability to do work in series of oscillations that goes back the way it originated after meeting a boundary
48
Refraction
the alternation in the rate of travel and direction of a sound wave due to interaction with a change in medium
49
Resonance
large increase in vibration when a force is applied at a natural frequency of the medium
50
Restorative force
a push or pull that causes a mass to return to its balanced and resting state
51
Semitone sale
a western musical range consisting of 11 plus one pitches, each separated by a half tone
52
Simple harmonic motion
Periodic movement around a central equilibrium
53
Sinusoidal (sine) wave
the most basic back-and-forth motion, representing consistent, repetitive movement that defines a round plane figure
54
Sound wave
a back-and-forth series of movements that requires a medium to propagate itself, in which the individual particles move in the same direction as the flow overall, and which produces an audible perception
55
Stiffness
amount of force required to displace an object
56
Vibration
Cycle, alternating compressions and rarefactions of particles
57
Wavelength
the lengths traveled by one back-and-forth movement of particles
58
Cycle
one alternating compression and rarefaction
59
Subsonic
frequencies below human range
60
Supersonic
frequencies above human range
61
Energy
capacity of object to perform work
62
Power
amount of energy expended in a given time period
63
Sound pressure level
difference (in decibels) between the pressure of interest and the standard reference pressure expressed as a logarithm
64
Interference
two or more waves meet
65
Resonator
object or medium set into vibration
66
Resonant frequency
speed/wavelength
67
Recall
speed and wavelength are dependent on the properties of the medium.
68
Particularly
stiffness, mass, length
69
Mass
amount of matter
70
Standing wave
destructive interference of reflected and incident waves

Speech & Hearing Science (1 decks)

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