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Speech & Hearing Science > Ch. 2 Sound Waves > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Sound Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

Acoustic Resonator

A

a partially or completely enclosed container, in which air inside is set into vibration

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2
Q

Amplitude

A

The magnitude of the compressions and rarefactions of air molecules

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3
Q

Antinode

A

maximum vibratory amplitude

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4
Q

Aperiodic

A

A stream of alternating compressions and rarefactions of air molecules having no clear repeating pattern

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5
Q

Boundary

A

interface between two mediums

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6
Q

Complex tone or sound

A

A stream of alternating compressions and rarefactions of air molecules that contains more than one sine wave

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7
Q

Compression

A

The collision of air molecules that results in regions of increased number of molecules per given area, and therefore yield higher force acting perpendicular to a surface

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8
Q

Constructive interference

A

an area of low density of air molecules of one sound wave meets a similar area of low density air molecules of another wave, with the net effect to exaggerate the low density. Similar effect for areas of high density of two waves that meet.

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9
Q

Continuous Spectrum

A

a stream of compressions and rarefactions that, when displayed in a plot rate of vibration versus amplitude, shows amplitudes at all rates of vibration

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10
Q

Decibel scale

A

A scale based upon multiples of 10 that is used to measure the power of a sound

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11
Q

Destructive interference

A

An area of low density of air molecules of one sound wave meets an area of high density air molecules of another wave, thus cancelling each other out (or nearly so). Similar effect for areas of high density of two waves that meet

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12
Q

Diffraction

A

A stream of alternating compressions and rarefactions of air molecules is deflected around a mass directly in its path instead of going through it

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13
Q

Displacement force

A

A push or pull that causes a mass to be moved away from its point of rest or balance

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14
Q

Elasticity

A

The ability of an object, once altered in shape due to push or pull, to return to its resting shape after the push or pull is removed

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15
Q

Envelope (spectrum envelope)

A

The edge shape formed by the display of ability to do work at each rate of vibration represented in a sound wave

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16
Q

Equilibrium

A

A dynamic state in which the pushes or pulls acting upon a mass from different directions are equalized

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17
Q

Forced vibrations

A

A solid or fluid is set into alternating compressions and rarefactions by an outside solid or fluid that itself is undergoing a wave of alternating compressions and rarefactions

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18
Q

Free vibrations

A

Occurs when a solid or fluid is allowed to oscillate without an outside force

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19
Q

Frequency

A

the rate at which an object vibrates

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20
Q

Fundamental Frequency

A

The lowest or slowest number of times per second that particles oscillate per second

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21
Q

Harmonic

A

A whole-number multiple of the slowest or lowest rate of vibration of a sound wave

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22
Q

Hooke’s Law

A

The increase or decrease in the length of a material is relative to the push or pull applied to that material

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23
Q

Incident wave

A

The first oscillatory stream that emanates from the source of oscillation

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24
Q

Intensity

A

The ability to do work per unit area; amplitude of a sound pressure wave

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25
Q

Inverse square relationship

A

The ability to do work per unit area varies in an opposite fashion with the distance from the source, equal to the value raised to itself

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26
Q

Line spectrum

A

The energy at each rate of vibration is represented by a vertical straight connection between two points, the tallness of which corresponds to the amount of energy

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27
Q

Logarithmic scale

A

a scaled based upon multiples of nine plus one, such as the decibel scale. Equal intervals along the scale represent equal fractions between raw values

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28
Q

Longitudinal wave

A

The particles of the medium travel equivalently to each other without intersecting one another, all in the direction in which the overall flow is traveling

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29
Q

Loudness

A

the human sensation of the power per unit area of sound

30
Q

Mechanical resonator

A

a mass set into a series of alternating compressions and rarefactions

31
Q

Mechanical Wave

A

a flow of compressions and rarefactions that requires a solid or fluid in which to propagate itself

32
Q

Nearly periodic (quasiperiodic)

A

a series of alternating compressions and rarefactions that is almost, but not quite, regularly repeating

33
Q

Node

A

minimum vibratory amplitude

34
Q

Oscillation

A

a series of back and forth cyclic movements about some point

35
Q

Overtone

A

The musical term for an integer multiple of the slowest or lowest rate of vibration

36
Q

Period

A

duration of one cycle

37
Q

Periodic

A

a regular similarity of back and forth cyclic movements from cycle to cycle

38
Q

Phase

A

a point in the back and forth pattern of oscillation at which the vibration starts

39
Q

Phon scale

A

perception scale per loudness

40
Q

Pitch

A

the human judgement of the rate of vibration of a sound wave

41
Q

Power spectrum

A

a plot of energy per unit of time of a given rate of vibration of a sound wave

42
Q

Pressure

A

The push or pull acting at 90 degree angle to a mass. It is the magnitude of the momentum of fluid molecules.

43
Q

Psychophysics

A

the study of the connection between the actual properties of a stimulus and the human perception of that experience

44
Q

Pulse Wave

A

a unitary change in energy travels through a medium

45
Q

Pure tone

A

Object vibrating in SHM produces only one tone

46
Q

Rarefaction

A

regions of lowered number of air particles per unit area, resulting in lower force exerted perpendicular to a surface

47
Q

Reflected wave

A

The portion of the ability to do work in series of oscillations that goes back the way it originated after meeting a boundary

48
Q

Refraction

A

the alternation in the rate of travel and direction of a sound wave due to interaction with a change in medium

49
Q

Resonance

A

large increase in vibration when a force is applied at a natural frequency of the medium

50
Q

Restorative force

A

a push or pull that causes a mass to return to its balanced and resting state

51
Q

Semitone sale

A

a western musical range consisting of 11 plus one pitches, each separated by a half tone

52
Q

Simple harmonic motion

A

Periodic movement around a central equilibrium

53
Q

Sinusoidal (sine) wave

A

the most basic back-and-forth motion, representing consistent, repetitive movement that defines a round plane figure

54
Q

Sound wave

A

a back-and-forth series of movements that requires a medium to propagate itself, in which the individual particles move in the same direction as the flow overall, and which produces an audible perception

55
Q

Stiffness

A

amount of force required to displace an object

56
Q

Vibration

A

Cycle, alternating compressions and rarefactions of particles

57
Q

Wavelength

A

the lengths traveled by one back-and-forth movement of particles

58
Q

Cycle

A

one alternating compression and rarefaction

59
Q

Subsonic

A

frequencies below human range

60
Q

Supersonic

A

frequencies above human range

61
Q

Energy

A

capacity of object to perform work

62
Q

Power

A

amount of energy expended in a given time period

63
Q

Sound pressure level

A

difference (in decibels) between the pressure of interest and the standard reference pressure expressed as a logarithm

64
Q

Interference

A

two or more waves meet

65
Q

Resonator

A

object or medium set into vibration

66
Q

Resonant frequency

A

speed/wavelength

67
Q

Recall

A

speed and wavelength are dependent on the properties of the medium.

68
Q

Particularly

A

stiffness, mass, length

69
Q

Mass

A

amount of matter

70
Q

Standing wave

A

destructive interference of reflected and incident waves

Speech & Hearing Science (1 decks)

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