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PSY201Z > Ch. 2 - Research Methodology > Flashcards

Ch. 2 - Research Methodology Flashcards

1
Q

Research

A

The careful collection, analysis and interpretation of measured data

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2
Q

Empiricism

A

Gaining accurate knowledge about behavior and mental processes only by observing the world and measuring aspects of it

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3
Q

Scientific Method

A

A systematic and dynamic procedure of observing and measuring phenomena, used to achieve four goals:
1) description
2) prediction
3) control
4) explanation

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4
Q

Theory

A

An explanation based on observations

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction based on theory

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6
Q

Occam’s Razor/Law of Parsimony

A

The idea that the simpler of two competing ideas is preferred

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7
Q

Seven Steps of The Scientific Method

A
  1. Pose a specific, testable research question
  2. Conduct a literature review
  3. Form a hypothesis
  4. Design a study
  5. Conduct the study to gather data
  6. Analyze the data
  7. Report findings via a reputable source
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8
Q

Replication

A

Repetition of a research study to confirm or contract the results

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9
Q

False Positive

A

Occurs when there is no real effect but a study produces a statistically significant result by chance

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10
Q

HARKing

A

Hypothesizing after results are known; questionable research practice

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11
Q

p-hacking

A

Testing the same hypothesis using statistical tests in different variations until one produces a statistically significant result

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12
Q

Preregistration

A

Documenting a study’s hypotheses, methods and analysis plan ahead of time and publishing it on a time-stamped website

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13
Q

Case Study

A

The intensive observation, recording and description of an atypical person or organization.

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14
Q

Participant Observation

A

A type of study in which the researcher is involved in the situation

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15
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

A type of study in which the observer is passive, remains separated from the situation and makes no effort to alter behavior

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16
Q

Self-Report Methods

A

Methods of data collection in which people are asked to provide information about themselves

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17
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

Multiple studies analyzed, placing emphasis on different factors and producing stronger evidence

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18
Q

Correlational Studies

A

Examine how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them or conclude that one variable causes the other

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19
Q

Directionality Problem

A

The researchers find a relationship between two variables, but they are unable to determine which variable caused a change in the other (specific to correlational studies)

20
Q

Third Variable Problem

A

When the researcher is unable to manipulate variables and, as a result, cannot be confident that another, unmeasured variable is not the cause of difference in the variable of interest

21
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable that is manipulated

22
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable that is measured

23
Q

Within-Subject Design

A

When the group receives both control and experimental treatments in succession

24
Q

Confounding Variable

A

Anything that affects a dependent variable and may unintentionally vary the results outside of the experimental conditions of the study

25
Q

Random Assignment

A

Placing research participants into the conditions of an experiment in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the IV

26
Q

Random Sampling

A

Taking a subset of a population where every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

27
Q

Belmont Report (1979)

A

Described three fundamental ethical principles that research should uphold:
1) respect for persons
2) respect for justice
3) respect for beneficence

28
Q

Institutional Review Board

A

Responsible for monitoring research and enforcing ethical guidelines; composed of administrators, legal; advisors, trained scholars, etc.

29
Q

Experimentation Averse

A

When someone prefers to receive an untested treatment rather than participating in a study that tests the effectiveness of one or the other treatment conditions.

30
Q

Construct Validity

A

The extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure

31
Q

External Validity

A

The degree to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other people, settings, or situations

32
Q

Internal Validity

A

The degree to which the effects observed in an experiment are due to the independent variable and not to confounds

33
Q

Reliability

A

The stability and consistency of a measure over time

34
Q

Accuracy

A

The degree to which the measure is free from error

35
Q

Unsystematic Error

A

Error that is due to chance alone

36
Q

Systematic Error

A

Error in which the data deviates by a fixed amount

37
Q

Central Tendency

A

A measure that represents the typical response or the behavior of the group as a whole

38
Q

Mean

A

The arithmetic average of a set of numbers

39
Q

Mode

A

The most frequent score in a set of numbers

40
Q

Median

A

The value in a set of numbers that falls exactly halfway between the lowest and highest values

41
Q

Variability

A

How widely dispersed the values are from each other and from the mean

42
Q

Standard Variation

A

Average deviation from the mean

43
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

A set of procedures that enable researchers to decide whether differences between two or more groups are probably just chance variations or whether they reflect true differences in the populations being compared

44
Q

Statistical Significance

A

Results would be unlikely to occur if there were no differences between groups of participants, occurring in less than 5% of the time

45
Q

Bayesian Statistics

A

A class of statistics that combines existing beliefs (priors) with new data to update the estimated likelihood that a belief is true (posterior)

46
Q

Bayes’ Theorum

A

A formula that enables researchers to know how much a set of data should change their beliefs about whether a hypothesis is true

PSY201Z (2 decks)

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