Ch. 2 Quality management tools and procedures

Question 0

Define frequency

Answer 0

Number of times a particular value of variable occurs or the number of observations of an event

Question 1

Define sample

Answer 1

The number of items actually measured from the population. This allows for extrapolation to determine information when the population is very large

Question 2

Define population

Answer 2

The entire set or group of items being measured

Question 3

Define the four types of variables: dependent, independent, continuous, dichotomous.

Answer 3

Dependent - variables observed to change in response to independent variables and are not controlled for. (Response, measured, output) - frequency & cause of reaction

Independent - deliberately manipulated to invoke a change on dependent variables (predictor or input) - different contrast brands

Continuous - have infinite possibilities - age, weight, height, time of event

Dichotomous - have only two opposing choices, male/female, on/off

Question 4

Define mean, median, mode

Answer 4

Mean - calculated avg - sum/N, 7,3,6,4, sum is 20/4= 5 mean
Median - numeric middle (4, 6, 8, 10, 12…median is 8)
Mode - most frequent value - 2,3,4,4,4,4,5,5; mode is 4

Question 5

Define Standard Deviation

Answer 5

The spread or distribution of a data set ( set of values around the mean)

Question 6

Define variance

Answer 6

Square of the standard deviation, used to determine if the separate means of different groups differ significantly.

Question 7

Define Gaussian vs Poisson Distribution

Answer 7

Gaussian - normal distribution, bell shaped curve, 68% of all values will fall into one standard deviation on either side of the mean.95% within 2, 99% within 3

Poisson - used to determine if events occur randomly or not, used in NM

Question 8

Define variation

Answer 8

Anything that would cause a process to deviate from acceptable standards

Question 9

Define validity

Answer 9

Accuracy, looks at construct, content and criterion. Did the tool work like similar tools, did we ask the right questions, did it give us the info we can use to answer our question?

Question 10

Define central tendency

Answer 10

The central tendency is the central position of a sample frequency. In statistical analysis, there are several possible measures of central tendency, three of which are the mean, the median, and the mode.