Ch 2: Phonetic Transcription of English

Question 0

Allographs

Answer 0

Different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound.

Question 1

Phonetic Alphabet

Answer 1

An alphabet that contains a separate letter for each individual sound in a language.

Question 2

Digraphs

Answer 2

Pairs of letters that represent one sound.

Question 3

Morpheme

Answer 3

The smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning.

Question 4

Free Morpheme

Answer 4

Morphemes that can stand alone and still carry meaning.

Question 5

Bound Morpheme

Answer 5

Morphemes that are bound to other words and carry no meaning when they stand alone.

Question 7

Minimal Pairs or Minimal Contrasts

Answer 7

Words that vary by only one phoneme (in the same word position).

Question 8

Allophone

Answer 8

A variant pronunciation of a particular phoneme

Question 9

Complementary Distribution

Answer 9

When two allophones of the same phonemic family are found in distinctly different phonetic environments and are not free to vary in terms of where in the mouth they may be produced.

Question 10

Aspirated Phoneme

Answer 10

When a small puff of air is released after the phoneme is sounded (Example is the /p/ in “pit”).

Question 11

Unaspirated Phoneme

Answer 11

When a phoneme is sounded without aspiration following (Example is the /p/ in “spit”).

Question 12

Free Variation

Answer 12

When the phonetic environment has no bearing on particular allophones (Example is whether /p/ is aspirated or unaspirated).

Question 13

Syllable

Answer 13

A basic building block of language that may be composed of either one vowel alone, or a vowel in combination with one or more consonants. Consists of an onset, nucleus, and coda, but does not always use all three types of phonemes.

Question 14

Syllable Components

Answer 14

Onset and Rhyme. Rhyme breaks down further into Nucleus and Coda.

Question 15

Onset

Answer 15

All the consonants that precede a vowel in a syllable. Not all syllables contain an onset.

Question 16

Nucleus

Answer 16

Typically a vowel, but can be a syllabic consonant.

Question 17

Coda

Answer 17

Either single consonants or consonant clusters that follow the nucleus of a syllable. Not all syllables have a coda.

Question 18

Consonant Cluster

Answer 18

Two or three contiguous consonants in the same syllable.

Question 19

Syllabic Consonants

Answer 19

When consonants take on the role of vowels.

Question 20

Sigma (σ)

Answer 20

Used to indicate a syllable division.

Question 21

Null (φ)

Answer 21

Indicates the absence of the onset or coda.

Question 22

Open Syllables

Answer 22

Syllables that end with a vowel phoneme (no coda).

Question 23

Closed Syllables

Answer 23

Syllables that end with a consonant phoneme (coda).

Question 24

Word Stress, Lexical Stress, or Word Accent

Answer 24

The increased emphasis in the production of one syllable.

Question 25

In English, words that have more than one syllable will always . . .

Answer 25

Have one particular syllable that will receive primary stress.

Question 26

Word Class

Answer 26

Words that vary in part of speech (whether a word is a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc.)

Question 27

Change in stress . . .

Answer 27

(1) Can change the meaning of a word, and (2) can change its pronunciation.

Question 28

Systematic Phonemic Transcription

Answer 28

Transcription of speech that makes no attempt at transcribing allophonic variation. Also considered a broad transcription, or simply phonemic transcription.

Question 29

Systematic Narrow Transcription

Answer 29

Relies on specialized symbols, called diacritics, to show modifications in the production of a vowel or consonant phoneme during transcription.

Question 30

Impressionistic Transcription

Answer 30

A type of transcription where nothing is known about a particular speech sound system prior to analysis. It is another form of narrow transcription that can also be employed when working with a child who has a severe speech sound disorder affecting the rules associated with typical speech development.

Question 36

Phoneme

Answer 36

A speech sound that is capable of differentiating morphemes, and therefore is capable of distinguishing meaning.