CH 2: Pharmacologic Principles Flashcards
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the same of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone.
Example: 1 + 1 = 2 (compare with synergistic effects)
Additive effects
Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication
Adverse drug event
Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose)
Adverse drug reaction
A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs
Adverse effects
A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body
Agonist
An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting form the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event
Allergic reaction
A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Also called receptors
Antagonists
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone (1 + 1 equals less than 2); it is usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another
Antagonistic effects
A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%)
Bioavailability
One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug; occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active. Known as a metabolism
Biotransformation
The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities (e.g., bacteria, viruses) between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. It still allows for the passage of essential substances such as oxygen.
Blood-brain barrier
The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug
Chemical name
Any condition, especially one related to a disease state or patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, which renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable
Contraindication
The general name for a large class of enzymes that plays a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions
Cytochrome P-450
A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug
Dependence
The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation
Dissolution
Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism
Drug
The processes involved in the integration between a drug and body cells (e.g., the action of a drug on a receptor protein); also called mechanism of action.
Drug actions
A method of grouping drugs; may be based on structure or therapeutic use
Drug classification
The physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. Can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the body is affected as a whole by the drug
Drug effects
The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus cause by the toxic effects of drugs
Drug-induced teratogenesis
Alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs
Drug interaction
The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response
Duration of action
Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body’s physiologic processes, as well as those related to drug metabolism
Enzymes
The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed form the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream
First-pass effect
The name given to a drug by the United States Adopted Name Council. Also called the nonproprietary name. Much shorter and simpler- not protected by trademark
Generic name
A hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs
Glucose-6-phospahte dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
In pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%
Half-life
An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient
Idiosyncratic reaction
The characteristic that causes two parental drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at the least one of the drugs
Incompatibility
Within an artery
Intraarterial
Within a joint
Intraarticular
Within a sheath (e.g., the theca of the spinal cord, as in an intrathecal injection into the subarachnoid space)
Intrathecal
Any preventable adverse drug even involving inappropriate medication us by a patient or health care professional; in may or may not cause patient harm
Medication error
The prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects
Medication use process
Chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical (metabolic) reactions involving a parent drug.
Active- are those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive
Inactive- lack of pharmacologic activity and are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from he body
Metabolite
Time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing
Onset of action
A transporter protein that moves drugs out of cells and into the gut, urine, or bile
P-glycoprotein
The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body not its active or inactive metabolite.
No pharmacologically active itself is called a prodrug. Prodrug is then metabolized to pharmacologically active metabolites
Parent drug
The time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body
Peak effect
The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring
Peak level
The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design
Pharmaceutics
The study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the effect of the drug on the body
Pharmacodynamics
The study of economic factors impacting the cost of drug therapy
Pharacoeconomics
The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes
Pharmacogenomics
The study of dugs that are obtained form natural plant and animal sources
Pharmocognosy
The study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body.
Represent the drug absorption into, distribution and metabolism within, and excretion from the body.
Pharmacokinetics
The broadest term for the study or science of drugs
Pharmacology
The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs
Pharmacotherapeutics
An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body
Prodrug
The first form of a drug, or first in a class of drugs. Will be denoted as a “key drug”
Prototypical drug
A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. They bind specific substances (drug molecules) and one or more corresponding cellular effects (drug action) occur as a result of this drug-receptor interaction
Receptor
The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose
Steady state
Substances (e.g., drugs or natural biochemicals in the body) on which an enzyme acts
Substrates
Drug interaction in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater that the sum of the individual effect of the same drugs given alone.
Example: 1 + 1 is greater than 2 (compare with additive effects)
Synergistic effects
The process of measuring drug levels to identify a patient’s drug exposure to allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity
Therapeutic drug monitoring
The desired or intended effect of a particular medication
Therapeutic effect
The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentration of a drug
Therapeutic index
Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use
Tolerance
The quality of being poisonous (i.e., injurious to health or dangerous to life)
Toxic
The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities
Toxicity
The study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, and applicable treatments
Toxicology
The commercial name given to a drug products by its manufacturer; also called the proprietary name
Trade name
The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level usually measures in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring
Trough level
