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NURS 296 > CH 2: Pharmacologic Principles > Flashcards

CH 2: Pharmacologic Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the same of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone.

Example: 1 + 1 = 2 (compare with synergistic effects)

A

Additive effects

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2
Q

Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication

A

Adverse drug event

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3
Q

Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose)

A

Adverse drug reaction

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4
Q

A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs

A

Adverse effects

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5
Q

A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

A

Agonist

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6
Q

An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting form the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event

A

Allergic reaction

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7
Q

A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Also called receptors

A

Antagonists

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8
Q

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone (1 + 1 equals less than 2); it is usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another

A

Antagonistic effects

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9
Q

A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%)

A

Bioavailability

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10
Q

One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug; occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active. Known as a metabolism

A

Biotransformation

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11
Q

The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities (e.g., bacteria, viruses) between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. It still allows for the passage of essential substances such as oxygen.

A

Blood-brain barrier

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12
Q

The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug

A

Chemical name

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13
Q

Any condition, especially one related to a disease state or patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, which renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable

A

Contraindication

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14
Q

The general name for a large class of enzymes that plays a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions

A

Cytochrome P-450

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15
Q

A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug

A

Dependence

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16
Q

The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation

A

Dissolution

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17
Q

Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

A

Drug

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18
Q

The processes involved in the integration between a drug and body cells (e.g., the action of a drug on a receptor protein); also called mechanism of action.

A

Drug actions

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19
Q

A method of grouping drugs; may be based on structure or therapeutic use

A

Drug classification

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20
Q

The physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. Can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the body is affected as a whole by the drug

A

Drug effects

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21
Q

The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus cause by the toxic effects of drugs

A

Drug-induced teratogenesis

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22
Q

Alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs

A

Drug interaction

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23
Q

The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response

A

Duration of action

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24
Q

Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body’s physiologic processes, as well as those related to drug metabolism

A

Enzymes

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25
Q

The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed form the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream

A

First-pass effect

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26
Q

The name given to a drug by the United States Adopted Name Council. Also called the nonproprietary name. Much shorter and simpler- not protected by trademark

A

Generic name

27
Q

A hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs

A

Glucose-6-phospahte dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

28
Q

In pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%

A

Half-life

29
Q

An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient

A

Idiosyncratic reaction

30
Q

The characteristic that causes two parental drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at the least one of the drugs

A

Incompatibility

31
Q

Within an artery

A

Intraarterial

32
Q

Within a joint

A

Intraarticular

33
Q

Within a sheath (e.g., the theca of the spinal cord, as in an intrathecal injection into the subarachnoid space)

A

Intrathecal

34
Q

Any preventable adverse drug even involving inappropriate medication us by a patient or health care professional; in may or may not cause patient harm

A

Medication error

35
Q

The prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects

A

Medication use process

36
Q

Chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical (metabolic) reactions involving a parent drug.

Active- are those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive

Inactive- lack of pharmacologic activity and are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from he body

A

Metabolite

37
Q

Time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing

A

Onset of action

38
Q

A transporter protein that moves drugs out of cells and into the gut, urine, or bile

A

P-glycoprotein

39
Q

The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body not its active or inactive metabolite.

No pharmacologically active itself is called a prodrug. Prodrug is then metabolized to pharmacologically active metabolites

A

Parent drug

40
Q

The time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body

A

Peak effect

41
Q

The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

A

Peak level

42
Q

The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design

A

Pharmaceutics

43
Q

The study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the effect of the drug on the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

44
Q

The study of economic factors impacting the cost of drug therapy

A

Pharacoeconomics

45
Q

The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes

A

Pharmacogenomics

46
Q

The study of dugs that are obtained form natural plant and animal sources

A

Pharmocognosy

47
Q

The study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body.

Represent the drug absorption into, distribution and metabolism within, and excretion from the body.

A

Pharmacokinetics

48
Q

The broadest term for the study or science of drugs

A

Pharmacology

49
Q

The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

50
Q

An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body

A

Prodrug

51
Q

The first form of a drug, or first in a class of drugs. Will be denoted as a “key drug”

A

Prototypical drug

52
Q

A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. They bind specific substances (drug molecules) and one or more corresponding cellular effects (drug action) occur as a result of this drug-receptor interaction

A

Receptor

53
Q

The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

A

Steady state

54
Q

Substances (e.g., drugs or natural biochemicals in the body) on which an enzyme acts

A

Substrates

55
Q

Drug interaction in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater that the sum of the individual effect of the same drugs given alone.

Example: 1 + 1 is greater than 2 (compare with additive effects)

A

Synergistic effects

56
Q

The process of measuring drug levels to identify a patient’s drug exposure to allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity

A

Therapeutic drug monitoring

57
Q

The desired or intended effect of a particular medication

A

Therapeutic effect

58
Q

The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentration of a drug

A

Therapeutic index

59
Q

Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use

A

Tolerance

60
Q

The quality of being poisonous (i.e., injurious to health or dangerous to life)

A

Toxic

61
Q

The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities

A

Toxicity

62
Q

The study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, and applicable treatments

A

Toxicology

63
Q

The commercial name given to a drug products by its manufacturer; also called the proprietary name

A

Trade name

64
Q

The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level usually measures in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

A

Trough level

NURS 296 (5 decks)

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