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Pharmacology > Ch. 2 Pharmacologic Principles > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Pharmacologic Principles Flashcards

0
Q

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example, 1 + 1 = 2

A

Additive effects

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1
Q

Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication.

A

Adverse drug event

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2
Q

Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose).

A

Adverse drug reaction

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3
Q

A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs.

A

Adverse effects

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4
Q

A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body.

A

Agonist

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5
Q

An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event.

A

Allergic reaction

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6
Q

A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Also called inhibitors.

A

Antagonist

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7
Q

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone (1 + 1 equals less than 2); it is usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another.

A

Antagonistic effects

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8
Q

A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%).

A

Bioavailability

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9
Q

One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Biotransformation occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active. Also known as metabolism

A

Biotransformation

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10
Q

The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities (e.g., bacteria, viruses) between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. It still allows for the passage of essential substances such as oxygen.

A

Blood brain barrier

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11
Q

The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug.

A

Chemical name

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12
Q

Any condition, especially one related to a disease state or patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable.

A

Contraindication

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13
Q

The general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions

A

Cytochrome p450

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14
Q

A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug.

A

Dependence

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15
Q

The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation.

A

Dissolution

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16
Q

Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism.

A

Drug

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17
Q

The processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells (e.g., the action of a drug on a receptor protein); also called mechanism of action.

A

Drug actions

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18
Q

A method of grouping drugs; may be based on structure or therapeutic use.

A

Drug classifications

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19
Q

The physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. They can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the body is affected as a whole by the drug. The terms onset, peak, and duration are used to describe drug effects (most often referring to therapeutic effects).

A

Drug effects

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20
Q

The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs.

A

Drug-induced teratogenesis

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21
Q

Alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs.

A

Drug interaction

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22
Q

The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response.

A

Duration of action

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23
Q

Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body’s physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism.

A

Enzymes

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24
Q

The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream

A

First pass effect

25
Q

The name given to a drug by the United States Adopted Names Council. Also called the nonproprietary name. The generic name is much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark.

A

Generic name

26
Q

A hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs.

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

27
Q

In pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50% (also called elimination half-life)

A

Half life

28
Q

An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient.

A

Idiosyncratic reaction

29
Q

The characteristic that causes two parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs

A

Incompatibility

30
Q

Within an artery (e.g., intraarterial injection).

A

Intraarterial

31
Q

Within a joint (e.g., intraarticular injection).

A

Intraarticular

32
Q

Within a sheath (e.g., the theca of the spinal cord, as in an intrathecal injection into the subarachnoid space).

A

Intrathecal

33
Q

Any preventable adverse drug event (see above) involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause patient harm

A

Medication error

34
Q

The prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects

A

Medication use process

35
Q

A chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical (metabolic) reactions involving the parent drug (see later). Active metabolites are those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive (see prodrug). Inactive metabolites lack pharmacologic activity and are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body (e.g., via the urinary, gastrointestinal, or respiratory tract).

A

Metabolite

36
Q

The time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing.

A

Onset of action

37
Q

The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body’s biochemical reactions into its active or inactive metabolites (see metabolite). A parent drug that is not pharmacologically active itself is called a prodrug. A prodrug is then metabolized to pharmacologically active metabolites.

A

Parent drug

38
Q

The time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body.

A

Peak effect

39
Q

The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring.

A

Peak level

40
Q

The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design.

A

Pharmaceutics

41
Q

The study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the physicochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors.

A

Pharmacodynamics

42
Q

The study of economic factors impacting the cost of drug therapy.

A

Pharmacoeconomics

43
Q

The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes

A

Pharmacogenomics

44
Q

The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources.

A

Pharmacognosy

45
Q

The study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body. Pharmacokinetics represent the drug absorption into, distribution and metabolism within, and excretion from the body.

A

Pharmacokinetics

46
Q

The broadest term for the study or science of drugs.

A

Pharmacology

47
Q

The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs.

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

48
Q

An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.

A

Prodrug

49
Q

A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. Receptors bind specific substances (e.g., drug molecules), and one or more corresponding cellular effects (drug actions) occurs as a result of this drug-receptor interaction

A

Receptor

50
Q

The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose.

A

Steady state

51
Q

Substances (e.g., drugs or natural biochemicals in the body) on which an enzyme acts.

A

Substrates

52
Q

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example, 1 + 1 is greater than 2 (compare with additive effects)

A

Synergistic effect

53
Q

The process of measuring drug levels to identify a patient’s drug exposure and to allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity.

A

Therapeutic drug monitoring

54
Q

The desired or intended effect of a particular medication.

A

Therapeutic effect

55
Q

The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug.

A

Therapeutic index

56
Q

Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use.

A

Tolerance

57
Q

The quality of being poisonous (i.e., injurious to health or dangerous to life).

A

Toxic

58
Q

The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities.

A

Toxicity

59
Q

The study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, and applicable treatments.

A

Toxicology

60
Q

The commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacturer; also called the proprietary name.

A

Trade name

61
Q

The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring.

A

Trough level

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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