Ch 2 Osteology and Odontology

Question 1

bones are

Answer 1

living tissues

Question 2

bones are made of____, which is_____.

Answer 2

~40% collagen, ~60% mineral (hydroxyapatite), bound in matrix that provides strength and flexibility.

Question 3

bone marrow is

Answer 3

hematopoietic (blood - making)

Question 4

bone marrow types + location

Answer 4

red - found at epiphysis of long bones, prod. red blood cells, yellow - found in shaft (medullar cavity), stores fat

Question 5

bone is a

Answer 5

reservoir for minerals

Question 6

the skeleton is

Answer 6

a system of levers for muscles to provide movement

Question 7

how many bones are in an adult body, why are there more in subadults

Answer 7

206, for growth

Question 8

types of bone

Answer 8

compact - dense, layered, organized, makes up most of shaft of long bone. trabecular - porous, spongy, helps distribute weight, ends of long bones. woven (immature) - 1st to form prenatally and after injury, rapid growth, coarsely bundled, disorganized structure

Question 9

in compact bone there are (micro level)

Answer 9

haversian systems aka Osteons, allow passage of blood, lymph, nerve fibers

Question 10

center of osteon

Answer 10

haversian canal, blood and nerve supply

Question 11

important canals

Answer 11

Volkmann’s canals, transmit blood vessels from periosteum, communicates with haversian canals, links everything

Question 12

Wolff’s Law

Answer 12

bone is deposited where it is needed and resorbed where it is not.

Question 13

periosteum

Answer 13

tissue that covers external surface of the bone, vascularized

Question 14

endosteum

Answer 14

tissue that covers internal surface of bone

Question 15

the periosteum and endosteum…

Answer 15

nourish bone and repair it from trauma

Question 16

osteoblasts

Answer 16

cells that build bone, deposit osteoid (pre-bone)

Question 17

osteoclasts

Answer 17

cells that resorb bone and remove tissue for remodeling

Question 18

osteocytes

Answer 18

mature bone cells, maintains life

Question 19

3 types of ossification

Answer 19

• intramembranous
• endochondral
• epiphyseal union

Question 20

fontanelles, purpose?

Answer 20

gaps between incompletely formed cranial bones, allows for growth of brain

Question 21

medial

Answer 21

middle

Question 22

proximal

Answer 22

near

Question 23

distal

Answer 23

away from torso

Question 24

anterior

Answer 24

front

Question 25

posterior

Answer 25

back

Question 26

transverse

Answer 26

cut in half

Question 27

sagittal

Answer 27

cut down middle

Question 28

Axial skeleton is made up of

Answer 28

skull, hyoid, rib cage, vertebral column

Question 29

skull

Answer 29

entire structure of head and mandible

Question 30

cranium

Answer 30

bony structure of head minus mandible

Question 31

how many bones does the skull contain

Answer 31

28

Question 32

frontal

Answer 32

forehead bone

Question 33

occipital

Answer 33

back of skull, base of braincase, foramen magnum

Question 34

hyoid

Answer 34

helps anchor tongue, does not articulate with any other bones

Question 35

how many bones are in the spinal column

Answer 35

33

Question 36

cervical vertebrae

Answer 36

(7)...C1 is atlas which holds head, C2 is axis that atlas rotates on, has transverse processes w/ foramen on each side, foramen so vertebral artery can get to brain

Question 37

thoracic vertabrae

Answer 37

(12) articulate with the ribs, have facets (for ribs)

Question 38

lumbar vertebrae

Answer 38

(5) largest, no foramena, no facets

Question 39

sacrum

Answer 39

(5) vertebral bodies fused, where spine meets pelvis

Question 40

coccyx

Answer 40

(4) vestigial remnants of tail

Question 41

ribs

Answer 41

12 on each side, connect posteriorly to thoracic vert., anteriorly to sternum, top 2 abnormally small, bottom 2 "floating" not connected

Question 42

clavicle

Answer 42

1st bone to form in utero, last bone to fuse (on sternal end at 20-25 years)

Question 43

scapula

Answer 43

allows for mobility for upper limb, articulates w clavicle and humerus

Question 44

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 44

shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapula), bones in arms, bones in hands, bones in legs, bones in feet, pelvic girdle

Question 45

Colles fracture

Answer 45

of radius, caused by fall on outstretched arm

Question 46

parry fracture

Answer 46

of ulna, caused by victim using arm to shield face/ head

Question 47

pelvic girdle

Answer 47

os coxae, 3 bones, illium - crest/hipbone, pubis, ischium - bottom

Question 48

insertion

Answer 48

site on muscles where action takes place

Question 49

why are teeth forensically important

Answer 49

most resistant to destruction, informative about life history (age at death of subadults, ancestry)

Question 50

lateral

Answer 50

away from middle

Question 51

ameloblasts

Answer 51

lay down enamel

Question 52

odontoblasts

Answer 52

produce dentin

Question 53

jaws evolved from

Answer 53

1st and 2nd gill arches of prehistoric fish (400 ma)

Question 54

mesial

Answer 54

towards midline of mouth

Question 55

occlusal

Answer 55

chewing surface

Question 56

apical

Answer 56

towards root tip

Question 57

lingual

Answer 57

facing tongue

Question 58

labial

Answer 58

facing lips

Question 59

buccal

Answer 59

facing cheeks

Question 60

alveolus pl. aveoli

Answer 60

socket, space in alveolar bone where tooth root

Question 61

gomphosis pl gomphoses

Answer 61

joint of tooth

Question 62

crown

Answer 62

area visible above gumline

Question 63

roots

Answer 63

anchor tooth in jaw

Question 64

neck

Answer 64

cementoenamel junction (CEJ) where enamel and cementum meet

Question 65

alveolar bone

Answer 65

bone of jaws surrounding teeth

Question 66

enamel

Answer 66

hardest substance in body, no blood, no cells, 97% mineralized, doesnt change during life, once formed, that's it

Question 67

dentin

Answer 67

tissue forms tooth core, underneath enamel, 70% mineral, continues to form and remodel thru life

Question 68

cementum

Answer 68

covers root of tooth, attached to alveolar bone via periodontal ligaments

Question 69

pulp

Answer 69

vascularized soft tissue inside tooth, nerves and blood cells in pulp cavity

Question 70

how many teeth do adults have? subadults?

Answer 70

32 adult, 20 subadult

Question 71

adult dental formula

Answer 71

2-1-2-3

Question 72

subadult dental formula

Answer 72

2-1-0-2

Question 73

subadults do not have

Answer 73

pre molars or 3rd molar

Question 74

the numbering system starts at

Answer 74

upper right 3rd molar (#1)

Question 75

humans have 2 sets of teeth in life, they have____

Answer 75

diphyodont dentition (deciduous and permanent)

Question 76

heterodonts

Answer 76

dentition made of different types of teeth

Question 77

superscript implies location at

Answer 77

maxillary

Question 78

subscript implies location at

Answer 78

mandibular

Question 79

premolars are

Answer 79

usually single root

Question 80

molars are

Answer 80

2 root, M3 wisdom teeth

Question 81

intramembranous ossification

Answer 81

ossify by apposition on tissue within embryonic connective tissue membrane

Question 82

endochondral

Answer 82

- long bones grow by deposition of bony matrix

Question 83

epiphyseal union

Answer 83

union - of long bones, ribs, vertebrae, used to estimate age in subadults.