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Intro to Forensic Anthro > Ch 2 Osteology and Odontology > Flashcards

Ch 2 Osteology and Odontology Flashcards

1
Q

bones are

A

living tissues

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2
Q

bones are made of____, which is_____.

A

~40% collagen, ~60% mineral (hydroxyapatite), bound in matrix that provides strength and flexibility.

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3
Q

bone marrow is

A

hematopoietic (blood - making)

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4
Q

bone marrow types + location

A

red - found at epiphysis of long bones, prod. red blood cells, yellow - found in shaft (medullar cavity), stores fat

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5
Q

bone is a

A

reservoir for minerals

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6
Q

the skeleton is

A

a system of levers for muscles to provide movement

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7
Q

how many bones are in an adult body, why are there more in subadults

A

206, for growth

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8
Q

types of bone

A

compact - dense, layered, organized, makes up most of shaft of long bone. trabecular - porous, spongy, helps distribute weight, ends of long bones. woven (immature) - 1st to form prenatally and after injury, rapid growth, coarsely bundled, disorganized structure

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9
Q

in compact bone there are (micro level)

A

haversian systems aka Osteons, allow passage of blood, lymph, nerve fibers

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10
Q

center of osteon

A

haversian canal, blood and nerve supply

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11
Q

important canals

A

Volkmann’s canals, transmit blood vessels from periosteum, communicates with haversian canals, links everything

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12
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

bone is deposited where it is needed and resorbed where it is not.

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13
Q

periosteum

A

tissue that covers external surface of the bone, vascularized

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14
Q

endosteum

A

tissue that covers internal surface of bone

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15
Q

the periosteum and endosteum…

A

nourish bone and repair it from trauma

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16
Q

osteoblasts

A

cells that build bone, deposit osteoid (pre-bone)

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17
Q

osteoclasts

A

cells that resorb bone and remove tissue for remodeling

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18
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells, maintains life

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19
Q

3 types of ossification

A
  • intramembranous
  • endochondral
  • epiphyseal union
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20
Q

fontanelles, purpose?

A

gaps between incompletely formed cranial bones, allows for growth of brain

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21
Q

medial

A

middle

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22
Q

proximal

A

near

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23
Q

distal

A

away from torso

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24
Q

anterior

A

front

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25
Q

posterior

A

back

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26
Q

transverse

A

cut in half

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27
Q

sagittal

A

cut down middle

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28
Q

Axial skeleton is made up of

A

skull, hyoid, rib cage, vertebral column

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29
Q

skull

A

entire structure of head and mandible

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30
Q

cranium

A

bony structure of head minus mandible

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31
Q

how many bones does the skull contain

A

28

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32
Q

frontal

A

forehead bone

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33
Q

occipital

A

back of skull, base of braincase, foramen magnum

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34
Q

hyoid

A

helps anchor tongue, does not articulate with any other bones

35
Q

how many bones are in the spinal column

A

33

36
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

(7)…C1 is atlas which holds head, C2 is axis that atlas rotates on, has transverse processes w/ foramen on each side, foramen so vertebral artery can get to brain

37
Q

thoracic vertabrae

A

(12) articulate with the ribs, have facets (for ribs)

38
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

(5) largest, no foramena, no facets

39
Q

sacrum

A

(5) vertebral bodies fused, where spine meets pelvis

40
Q

coccyx

A

(4) vestigial remnants of tail

41
Q

ribs

A

12 on each side, connect posteriorly to thoracic vert., anteriorly to sternum, top 2 abnormally small, bottom 2 “floating” not connected

42
Q

clavicle

A

1st bone to form in utero, last bone to fuse (on sternal end at 20-25 years)

43
Q

scapula

A

allows for mobility for upper limb, articulates w clavicle and humerus

44
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapula), bones in arms, bones in hands, bones in legs, bones in feet, pelvic girdle

45
Q

Colles fracture

A

of radius, caused by fall on outstretched arm

46
Q

parry fracture

A

of ulna, caused by victim using arm to shield face/ head

47
Q

pelvic girdle

A

os coxae, 3 bones, illium - crest/hipbone, pubis, ischium - bottom

48
Q

insertion

A

site on muscles where action takes place

49
Q

why are teeth forensically important

A

most resistant to destruction, informative about life history (age at death of subadults, ancestry)

50
Q

lateral

A

away from middle

51
Q

ameloblasts

A

lay down enamel

52
Q

odontoblasts

A

produce dentin

53
Q

jaws evolved from

A

1st and 2nd gill arches of prehistoric fish (400 ma)

54
Q

mesial

A

towards midline of mouth

55
Q

occlusal

A

chewing surface

56
Q

apical

A

towards root tip

57
Q

lingual

A

facing tongue

58
Q

labial

A

facing lips

59
Q

buccal

A

facing cheeks

60
Q

alveolus pl. aveoli

A

socket, space in alveolar bone where tooth root

61
Q

gomphosis pl gomphoses

A

joint of tooth

62
Q

crown

A

area visible above gumline

63
Q

roots

A

anchor tooth in jaw

64
Q

neck

A

cementoenamel junction (CEJ) where enamel and cementum meet

65
Q

alveolar bone

A

bone of jaws surrounding teeth

66
Q

enamel

A

hardest substance in body, no blood, no cells, 97% mineralized, doesnt change during life, once formed, that’s it

67
Q

dentin

A

tissue forms tooth core, underneath enamel, 70% mineral, continues to form and remodel thru life

68
Q

cementum

A

covers root of tooth, attached to alveolar bone via periodontal ligaments

69
Q

pulp

A

vascularized soft tissue inside tooth, nerves and blood cells in pulp cavity

70
Q

how many teeth do adults have? subadults?

A

32 adult, 20 subadult

71
Q

adult dental formula

A

2-1-2-3

72
Q

subadult dental formula

A

2-1-0-2

73
Q

subadults do not have

A

pre molars or 3rd molar

74
Q

the numbering system starts at

A

upper right 3rd molar (#1)

75
Q

humans have 2 sets of teeth in life, they have____

A

diphyodont dentition (deciduous and permanent)

76
Q

heterodonts

A

dentition made of different types of teeth

77
Q

superscript implies location at

A

maxillary

78
Q

subscript implies location at

A

mandibular

79
Q

premolars are

A

usually single root

80
Q

molars are

A

2 root, M3 wisdom teeth

81
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

ossify by apposition on tissue within embryonic connective tissue membrane

82
Q

endochondral

A
  • long bones grow by deposition of bony matrix
83
Q

epiphyseal union

A

union - of long bones, ribs, vertebrae, used to estimate age in subadults.

Intro to Forensic Anthro (2 decks)

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