Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANAT 316 FINAL > Ch. 2 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch. 2 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How many poles does the brain have?

A

3

frontal, temporal, occipital pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for _______ and the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for _______.

A

fight or flight

rest and digest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the largest area of the brain?

A

telencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What divides the left and right hemisphere of the telencephalon?

A

sagital fissure/sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What separates the telencephalon from the cerebellum?

A

horizontal fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What separates the temporal lobe of the telencephalon from the upper part of the cerebrum?

A

lateral fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the telencephalon?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the outer covering of the telencephalon called?

A

cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The fold of the cortex are called…

A

gyri (bumps) and sulci (valleys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The precentral gyrus is the ____ cortex.

A

motor (movement is initiated here)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The postcentral gyrus is the _____ cortex.

A

sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the diencephalon located?

A

the centre of the base of the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 4 components of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The thalamus is a large nucleus located on both sides of the _________.

A

third ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What senses go through the thalamus?

A

every sense BUT smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is situated below the thalamus and connected to the pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The _______ is located below the thalamus.

A

subthalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The _______ is a small nucleus located behind the thalamus.

A

epithalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the grey matter of the cerebrum contain?

A

cell bodies of the neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The grey matter is confined to the ________ and the ________.

A

cortex, basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The _________ are deep nuclei and mostly related to motor function.

A

basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the different basal ganglia?

A

lentiform nucleus, caudate nucleus, amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The thalamus and the internal capsule are made up of ________.

A

white matter (fibres, axons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the three types of white matter fibres?

A

association, commissural, and projection fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the association fibres responsible for?

A

communication within one hemisphere

-stay in the same half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the commissural fibres responsible for?

A

communication between the hemispheres

-one half to the other half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the three sets of the commissural fibres?

A

anterior commissure, posterior commissure and the corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The __________ connects the hemispheres and has lots of fibres.

A

corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the projection fibres responsible for?

A

communication between different levels of the nervous system (not confined to the cerebrum)
-one level to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Most cranial nerves enter/leave through which structure?

A

brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the two large fibre bundles of the midbrain?

A

anteriorly the cerebral peduncles (tracks) and posteriorly the superior/inferior colliculi (little bumps)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which cranial nerves are attached at the junction of the midbrain and the pons

A

CN III (oculomotor) and CN IV (trochlear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which structure bridges the cerebellar hemispheres?

A

pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from the anterior surface of the pons

A

CN V (trigeminal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is located behind the pons?

A

fourth ventricle and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the medulla oblongata continuous with?

A

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

On the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata are the ______ medially and the _____ laterally

A

pyramids, olives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the cerebellum connected to the brain stem via?

A

large middle cerebellar peduncles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The spinal cord extends in the vertebral canal from the _______ down to _______.

A

foramen magnum to L1/2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How many sets of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and leave through the intervertebral foramina?

A

32

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The spinal cord tapers at the _______________.

A

conus medullaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What attaches the conus medullaris to the sacrum?

A

filum terminale (thread like)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The nerves that exit below L2 form which structure?

A

cauda equina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the thickenings of the spinal cord called?

A

cervical and lumbar enlargements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The anterior horns in the spinal cord are responsible for what?

A

motor function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The posterior horns in the spinal cord are responsible for what?

A

sensory function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The intermediate horn for the sympathetic nervous system is between…

A

T1 and L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The white matter is arranged into which three columns?

A

posterior, lateral and anterior funiculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The ventricles are continuous with the narrow central canal of the _________.

A

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The anterior horn of the lateral ventricles is located in which lobe?

A

frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The posterior horn of the lateral ventricles is located in which lobe?

A

occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

The inferior horn of the lateral ventricles is located in which lobe?

A

temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The body of the lateral ventricles is located in which lobe?

A

parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are the choroid plexuses filled with?

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What connects the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle?

A

foramina of monro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What joins the third and fourth ventricle?

A

aqueduct of sylvius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

In the lateral recesses of the fourth ventricle are the ________.

A

foramina of luschka

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is located at the inferior angle of the fourth ventricle?

A

foramen of magendie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

The CSF travels from the ventricles to the _________ via the foramen of luschka+magendie

A

subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

The CNS is encased in three layers of specialized connective tissue; they are…

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

The dura mater is located…

A

outside of the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

The dura mater invaginates into the sagital fissure to form the _________.

A

falx cerebri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

The dura mater invaginates into the horizontal fissure to form the _________.

A

tentorium cerebelli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is the name of the fat-filled space between the skull and the vertebral column

A

epidural space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is the name of the layer that is thin and filmy that contains the blood vessels

A

arachnoid layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

The CSF circulates in the __________.

A

subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What connects the arachnoid and pia mater?

A

denticulate ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Which layer is attached to the superficial cortex and the outer surface of the spinal cord?

A

pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

The functions of the CSF are…

A

metabolic and protective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

The CSF circulates all around the CNS in the subarachnoid space, providing a _______.

A

shock absorptive function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

The arachnoid mater penetrates through the dura into which structure?

A

superior sagital sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What are the large openings of the subarachnoid space called?

A

cisterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is the name of the opening that is created when the spinal cord terminates at L1/2 and the dura and arachnoid mater extend into the sacrum

A

lumbar cistern (spinal tap or lumbar puncture performed here)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

The brain receives blood from which two sources?

A

carotid and vertebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

The vertebral arteries connect to form the ________.

A

basilar artery

77
Q

The basilar artery splits into the two _________.

A

posterior cerebral arteries

78
Q

The single _______ joins the two anterior cerebral arteries.

A

anterior communicating artery

79
Q

The paired ________ joins the middle and posterior cerebral arteries.

A

posterior communicating artery

80
Q

The communicating arteries form the _______ around the pituitary gland.

A

circle of willis

81
Q

The anterior/posterior cerebral arteries supply which surface of the brain?

A

sagital

82
Q

The anterior/posterior cerebral arteries supply the _______ of the outer cortex.

A

periphery

83
Q

The ______ comes through the lateral fissure and supplies the centre of the brain.

A

middle cerebral artery

84
Q

The cerebellum is supplied by which arteries?

A

superior and inferior cerebellar arteries

85
Q

The spinal cord gets blood from where?

A

vertebral arteries at the superior end and from the aorta lower down

86
Q

The veins of the brain empty into the _______ sinuses which drain into the _______ vein.

A

dural venous sinuses, internal jugular vein

87
Q

What is the somatic peripheral nervous system responsible for?

A

voluntary motor control and general sensation information

88
Q

The somatic peripheral nervous system consists of ___ paris of spinal nerves and ___ pairs of cranial nerves

A

31/32 spinal nerves, 12 cranial nerves

89
Q

The dorsal root of the nerve…

A

receives sensory information

90
Q

The ventral root of of the nerve…

A

sends motor information

91
Q

Why are the sacral nerves unique?

A

split into rami before exiting the foramina

92
Q

The cell bodies of the the motor nerves are located where?

A

anterior horn; axons run into the ventral root

93
Q

The cell bodies of the sensory nerves are found in the …

A

dorsal root ganglia

94
Q

The spinal nerves are classified ________ according to their spinal levels

A

alphanumerically

95
Q

C1-C8

A

cervical nerves; exit above the corresponding vertebrae

96
Q

T1-T12

A

thoracic nerves; exit below the corresponding vertebrae

97
Q

L1-L5

A

lumbar nerves; exit below the corresponding vertebrae

98
Q

S1-S5

A

sacral nerves; exit below corresponding vertebrae

99
Q

The autonomic peripheral nervous system…

A

provides involuntary motor control and visceral sensory perception

100
Q

The dorsal columns are made up of the _______ and are responsible for…

A

fasciculus gracilis+cuneatus, carry out all major sensory information that the brain needs

101
Q

Define ipsilateral.

A

fibres that stay on the same side

all fibres eventually cross over

102
Q

Define contralateral

A

fibres that cross over

103
Q

Which senses are carried out in the dorsal columns?

A

discriminatory (fine) touch, joint position (proprioception), vibration

104
Q

Which senses are carried out in the anterolateral columns?

A

non-discriminatory (crude) touch, pain, temperature

105
Q

The fibres of the dorsal columns run from…

A

below T6

106
Q

The fibres of the lower limb travel in the ________.

A

fasciculus gracilis

107
Q

The fibres of the upper limb (above T6) travel in the __________.

A

fasciculus cuneatus

108
Q

The fibres of the dorsal column synapse on the secondary neurons in the lower medulla in the _____________.

A

nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus

109
Q

Where do the axons in the dorsal columns crossover and become contralateral?

A

nucleus gracilis

110
Q

Where do the axons of the dorsal columns synapse for the second time?

A

thalamus

111
Q

Where does the dorsal column pathway end?

A

postcentral gyrus in the sensory cortex

112
Q

The axons of the anterolateral column synapse in the…

A

dorsal horn

113
Q

The anterolateral pathway goes into the brain stem and attaches to the ______.

A

medial leminscus

114
Q

The anterolateral column axons synapse a second time in the ______ and travel to the _______.

A

thalamus, postcentral gyrus

115
Q

The descending motor pathways are responsible for…

A

initiate movement in the muscles

116
Q

Which is the most direct motor pathway?

A

corticospinal tract

117
Q

Where do most of the fibres crossover to form the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

lower medulla

118
Q

The fibres that remain ipsilateral form the ….

A

anterior corticospinal tract

119
Q

All corticospinal fibres terminate in the ______ and synapse with the ________.

A

anterior horn, large anterior horn neurons

120
Q

Which tracts make up the extra pyramidal system?

A

rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal tracts

121
Q

The olfactory nerves (CN I) synapse in the ______.

A

olfactory bulb

122
Q

What is the rhinencephalon?

A

part of the brain where the 2nd neuron is synapsed

123
Q

Which nerves come from the retina and pass back through the optic canal?

A

optic nerve (CN II)

124
Q

Where do the two optic nerves meet/cross?

A

optic chiasm

125
Q

What happens if you lose the optic chiasm

A

tunnel vision, no peripheral

126
Q

Which nerves emerge from the brain stem?

A

CN III, IV, VI

127
Q

Which muscles do the oculomotor nerves (CNIII) supply?

A

superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superioris

128
Q

The trochlear nerves (CN IV) supply which muscle?

A

superior oblique

129
Q

The abducens nerves (CN VI) supply this muscle.

A

lateral rectus

130
Q

The extraocular nerves (CN III, IV, VI) exit through what?

A

superior orbital fissure

131
Q

Which nerve directly arises from the pons?

A

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

132
Q

Where does the opthalamic component of the trigeminal nerve (CN V1) exit?

A

superior orbital fissure

133
Q

Where does the maxillary component of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2) exit?

A

foramen rotundum

134
Q

Where does the madnibular component of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3) exit?

A

foramen ovale

135
Q

What are each of the components of the trigeminal nerve for?

A

opthalmic - forehead
maxillary - cheek
mandibular - jaw

136
Q

Which cranial nerve passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

137
Q

How does the facial nerve exit the skull?

A

stylomastoid foramen

138
Q

The facial nerve provides parasympathetic supply to which glands?

A

submandibular, sublingual, lacrimal

139
Q

Which nerve exits the brain stem lateral to CN VII and enters the internal acoustic meatus?

A

vestibulococlear nerve (CN VIII)

140
Q

Which nerve brings sensory information regarding sound and position back from the internal ear?

A

vestibulococlear nerve (CN VIII)

141
Q

What is the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) attached to?

A

medulla below the exit of CN VIII

142
Q

CN IX provides __________ to the parotid glands, __________ to the stylopharnygeus muscle, and ________ to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.

A

parasympathetic innervation, motor innervation, sensory innervation

143
Q

Which nerve is the great parasympathetic nerve of the thorax and abdomen?

A

vagus nerve (CN V)

144
Q

Where does CN X exit?

A

jugular foramen

145
Q

Which cranial nerves exit the spinal cord at the upper cervical levels (neck)

A

spinal accessory (CN XI)

146
Q

Which nerve arises from the rootlets that exit between the pyramid and olive of the medulla?

A

hypoglossal (CNXII)

147
Q

What is CN XII responsible for?

A

extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue

148
Q

Which nervous system is considered the unconscious motor component of the visceral nervous system?

A

autonomic nervous system

149
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system innervate?

A

smooth muscle of the viscers, glands and blood vessels

150
Q

Sympathetic nerves arise from …

A

T1-L2

151
Q

Parasympathetic nerves originate from which cranial nerves?

A

CN III, VII, IX ,X and sacral levels S2-4

152
Q

Where do the sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate and exit?

A

originate: intermediate horn of the grey matter
exit: anterior ventral root

153
Q

Preganglionic neurons enter the sympathetic trunk via the ________ and exit via the ________.

A

white ramus communicans, grey ramus communicans

154
Q

Where are the sympathetic trunks located?

A

on each side of the vertebral column

155
Q

The sympathetic ganglia run from which levels?

A

C1-S5

156
Q

What does somatotopic mean?

A

top part of the body is served by the top, bottom is served by the bottom

157
Q

The superior cervical ganglion represents…

A

C1-4

158
Q

The middle cervical ganglion represents…

A

C5-6

159
Q

The inferior cervical ganglion represents…

A

C7-8

160
Q

The most inferior two coccygeal ganglia fuse in midline to form which structure?

A

ganglion impar

161
Q

Where do the nerves to the skin and blood vessels of the limbs, body walls, head and neck synapse?

A

sympathetic trunk

162
Q

What are the three ways the sympathetic nerves will synapse?

A
  1. synapse in the sympathetic trunk ganglion at the same level they exited the spinal cord
  2. travel superiorly to synapse at a higher-level (head, neck, upper limbs)
  3. travel inferiorly to synapse in the sympathetic trunk (skin, arteries of the badomen, pelvis and lower limbs)
163
Q

At what level does white rami exit?

A

T1-L2

164
Q

Where do the splanchnic nerves travel?

A

viscera

165
Q

The preganglionic nerves of the lung and somer heart innervation synapse at …

A

its own level and goes directly to the appropriate plexus

166
Q

The pregnaglionic nerves of the head, neck and rest of the hear synapse at…

A
  • travel superiorly

- synapse in the trunk

167
Q

The preganglionic nerves of the bladder and reproductive organs synpase at…

A

-descend to the inferior lumbar and sacral levels

168
Q

The preganglionic neurons of the GI tract synapse at…

A
  • pass directly through the corresponding sympathetic ganglion and emerge anteromedially
  • synpase in the abdominal preaortic ganglia or the renal ganglia
169
Q

Which cranial nerve carries efferent neurones for the pupil and lens muscles?

A

oculomotor (CN III)

170
Q

Which cranial nerves serve the salivary and lacrimal glands?

A

facial (CN II) and glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

171
Q

Which cranial nerve sends preganglionic fibers to the viscera of the thorax and abdomen as well as to the GI tract 2/3 along the length of the transverse colon?

A

vagus (CN X)

172
Q

Where do the pelvic splanchnic nerves arise from?

A

S2-4

173
Q

What level are the greater splanchnic nerves?

A

T5-9 (supplies the foregut)

174
Q

What level supplies the midgut?

A

T10-11 (lesser splanchnic)

175
Q

What level supplies the kidneys?

A

T12

176
Q

What level supplies the hindgut?

A

L1-2 (lumbar splanchnics)

177
Q

The sympathetic innervation of the organs above the diaphragm is from…

A

the upper ganglia in the sympathetic trunk C1-T4

178
Q

The head and neck receive preganglionic fibres from …

A

T1

179
Q

The thoracic organs receive innervation from …

A

T1-4

180
Q

The pathway to the lungs is via ______ with the postganglionic fibres originating in the trunk at the same levels

A

T2-4

181
Q

Which splanchnics are considered the thoracic splanchnic nerves?

A

greater, lesser, and least thoracic and lumbar splanchnics

182
Q

The fibres for the abdomen originate in the…

A

thoracic splanchnic nerves

183
Q

The lest splanchnic nerve goes to the kidney and synapses in the __________.

A

ganglia of the renal plexuses

184
Q

The greater thoracic splanchnic nerve synapses in the ______ to innervate the foregut (stomach and first part of the duodenum).

A

celiac ganglion

185
Q

The lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve supplies the ________ via the superior mesenteric ganglion.

A

midgut (remainder of the duodenum and the small and large intestine as far as 2/3 along the transverse colon)

186
Q

The _________ innervate the hindgut (rest of the GI) and synapse on the inferior mesenteric ganglion.

A

lumbar splanchnic nerves

187
Q

Where does the pelvis receive postganglionic fibres from?

A

lower paravertebral ganglia and small ganglia located near the target organs

188
Q

What supplies the smooth muscle in the pharynx and larynx as well as all the organs in the thorax

A

vagus nerve

ANAT 316 FINAL (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions