Ch. 2 - History, Culture, Law, and Ethics Flashcards
Which country and when used essay examinations for civil service employees?
China in 2200 B.C. the idea was to allow some to move up who wouldn’t have a chance otherwise.
Esquirol
early 1800s. used language ability to ID intelligence. forerunner of verbal intelligence testing. first to differentiate between insanity and mental retardation
Seguin
1800s. pioneer in mental retardation and education. moved to NY and worked with disabled kiddos. forerunner of performance intelligence testing. (Seguin form board - puzzle pieces that fit)
Charles Darwin
examined individual differences
Francis Galton
cousin of Darwin; explored and quantified variation in humans, classifying according to one’s gifts, invented coefficient of correlation (work with peas)
Wilhelm Wundt
how are people similar? (vs. Galton - different). looked and sensitivity and reaction time to stimuli. founded first experimental psychology laboratory
James Cattell
worked with Galton; coined term “mental test”
Alfred Binet (& Theodore Simon)
IDed French schoolchildren who needed alternate education. first intelligence test. “Binet Scale”; broadened testing to include cognitive abilities
Lewis Terman
revised Binet scale for US kids - Stanford-Binet test (cause he did it at Stanford). overstepped his bounds in IDing intelligent kids, became part of the study
David Wechsler
dominates the market. devised an adult intelligence test. aimed to measure the aggregate or global capacity of a person to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively w/ environment. WAIS - adult; WISC - child
Edward Thorndike
applied animal learning to humans (cats in puzzle box), proposed multi-factored intelligence
Group testing - when did it start, what was the purpose and what were the 2 tests?
WWI: 2 groups Army Alpha (for literate) and Army Beta (for illiterate and non-English speakers). military needed an efficient way to screen for ability and general “adjustment”
Testing after WWII
SATs - developed so not just the same families would go to Ivy leagues. vocational counseling came out of this
E.K. Strong
Strong Interest Inventory assisted with military job placement
Woodworth
Personal Data Sheet - named this way to disguise what it was actually for, screened for general adjustment of groups of army recruits. Woodworth also developed the first widely used self-report test of personality
Carl Jung
100 “stimulus words” that people would respond to - word association test to detect mental illness
Herman Rorschach
Inkblot test
Henry Murray AND ?
Christiana Morgan - Thematic Apperception Test (make up a story about a picture)
projective test - def and example
a test in which an individual is assumed to “project” onto some ambiguous stimulus his or her own unique needs, fears, hopes, and motivation. Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Assessment advances in the last 50 years
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (1967)
Computers used in testing (70s)
HIPAA (90s)
No Child Left Behind (2001)
Common Core (2010) - school testing debate
Eight years after Binet’s scale was published, psychology was criticized for being too ___?
test-focused. By late 1930s there were 4K tests in print
Culture def and imparts what?
the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population, community, or group of people. Imparts much about what is valued and prized and what is not.
Henry Goddard
started raising ?s about meaningfullness of using tests like Binet’s with people of other cultures. He used Binet’s test in the US. Used bilingual psychologists to test immigrants who were judged as “retarted” by others… but many were still judged as feebleminded. He was an early champion of culture sensitivity in testing, BUT was a supporter of eugenics
eugenics
encouraging reproduction among the genetically “advantaged” and lowering the fertility of the genetically “disadvantaged”
culture-free tests?
non-verbal tests like Raven’s Matricies (or puzzle-type exams) were long considered culture free, but recently have lost that label
judgments of psychological traits is dependent on ___?
the person writing the test
law
a body of rules that must be obeyed
ethics
a body of principles of right and proper conduct that should be followed
standard of care
the level at which the average, reasonable, prudent professional would provide the same services under the same or similar conditions
Level A test
can be interpreted with the aid of a manual and knowledge of organization/institution (e.g. spelling test)
Level B test
requires some technical knowledge and knowledge of psychology, stats, guidance, etc (e.g., aptitude tests, many interest inventories)
Level C test
require substantial knowledge, education, or training with supervised experience (e.g. projective tests, neropsych)
issues with CAPA
Computer-Assisted Psychological Assessment - safeguards re: test users (materials easily copied), is it comparable with normed paper and pencil format?, scoring and interpretation can take away much of the value of the assessment, online test are unregulated
rights of testtakers
informed consent, the right to be informed of test findings, right to privacy and confidentiality, right to the least stigmatizing label
informed consent
testtakers have a right to know (1) why they are being evaluated, (2) how the test data will be used, and (3) what (if any) info will be released to whom.
also - know they have a choice to participate, how results will be given and what recommendations might be made, you must have reasonable belief that client understood. (competency). If they must be deceived, they will be debriefed after.
privacy
right to choosing to disclose your own personal information
privileged information
protects clients from disclosure in a legal proceeding, extended to parties in certain relationships (lawyer). Privilege belogs to the client.
confidentiality
the non-disclosure of certain information
results of clinical tests are ____ from the legal requirement of therapy records
specifically excluded. however, you should obtain consent from assessees before releasing assessment-related info
