Ch. 2 - History, Culture, Law, and Ethics

Question 1

Which country and when used essay examinations for civil service employees?

Answer 1

China in 2200 B.C. the idea was to allow some to move up who wouldn’t have a chance otherwise.

Question 2

Esquirol

Answer 2

early 1800s. used language ability to ID intelligence. forerunner of verbal intelligence testing. first to differentiate between insanity and mental retardation

Question 3

Seguin

Answer 3

1800s. pioneer in mental retardation and education. moved to NY and worked with disabled kiddos. forerunner of performance intelligence testing. (Seguin form board - puzzle pieces that fit)

Question 4

Charles Darwin

Answer 4

examined individual differences

Question 5

Francis Galton

Answer 5

cousin of Darwin; explored and quantified variation in humans, classifying according to one’s gifts, invented coefficient of correlation (work with peas)

Question 6

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 6

how are people similar? (vs. Galton - different). looked and sensitivity and reaction time to stimuli. founded first experimental psychology laboratory

Question 7

James Cattell

Answer 7

worked with Galton; coined term “mental test”

Question 8

Alfred Binet (& Theodore Simon)

Answer 8

IDed French schoolchildren who needed alternate education. first intelligence test. “Binet Scale”; broadened testing to include cognitive abilities

Question 9

Lewis Terman

Answer 9

revised Binet scale for US kids - Stanford-Binet test (cause he did it at Stanford). overstepped his bounds in IDing intelligent kids, became part of the study

Question 10

David Wechsler

Answer 10

dominates the market. devised an adult intelligence test. aimed to measure the aggregate or global capacity of a person to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively w/ environment. WAIS - adult; WISC - child

Question 11

Edward Thorndike

Answer 11

applied animal learning to humans (cats in puzzle box), proposed multi-factored intelligence

Question 12

Group testing - when did it start, what was the purpose and what were the 2 tests?

Answer 12

WWI: 2 groups Army Alpha (for literate) and Army Beta (for illiterate and non-English speakers). military needed an efficient way to screen for ability and general “adjustment”

Question 13

Testing after WWII

Answer 13

SATs - developed so not just the same families would go to Ivy leagues. vocational counseling came out of this

Question 14

E.K. Strong

Answer 14

Strong Interest Inventory assisted with military job placement

Question 15

Woodworth

Answer 15

Personal Data Sheet - named this way to disguise what it was actually for, screened for general adjustment of groups of army recruits. Woodworth also developed the first widely used self-report test of personality

Question 16

Carl Jung

Answer 16

100 “stimulus words” that people would respond to - word association test to detect mental illness

Question 17

Herman Rorschach

Answer 17

Inkblot test

Question 18

Henry Murray AND ?

Answer 18

Christiana Morgan - Thematic Apperception Test (make up a story about a picture)

Question 19

projective test - def and example

Answer 19

a test in which an individual is assumed to “project” onto some ambiguous stimulus his or her own unique needs, fears, hopes, and motivation. Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 20

Assessment advances in the last 50 years

Answer 20

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (1967)
Computers used in testing (70s)
HIPAA (90s)
No Child Left Behind (2001)
Common Core (2010) - school testing debate

Question 21

Eight years after Binet’s scale was published, psychology was criticized for being too ___?

Answer 21

test-focused. By late 1930s there were 4K tests in print

Question 22

Culture def and imparts what?

Answer 22

the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population, community, or group of people. Imparts much about what is valued and prized and what is not.

Question 23

Henry Goddard

Answer 23

started raising ?s about meaningfullness of using tests like Binet’s with people of other cultures. He used Binet’s test in the US. Used bilingual psychologists to test immigrants who were judged as “retarted” by others… but many were still judged as feebleminded. He was an early champion of culture sensitivity in testing, BUT was a supporter of eugenics

Question 24

eugenics

Answer 24

encouraging reproduction among the genetically “advantaged” and lowering the fertility of the genetically “disadvantaged”

Question 25

culture-free tests?

Answer 25

non-verbal tests like Raven’s Matricies (or puzzle-type exams) were long considered culture free, but recently have lost that label

Question 26

judgments of psychological traits is dependent on ___?

Answer 26

the person writing the test

Question 27

law

Answer 27

a body of rules that must be obeyed

Question 28

ethics

Answer 28

a body of principles of right and proper conduct that should be followed

Question 29

standard of care

Answer 29

the level at which the average, reasonable, prudent professional would provide the same services under the same or similar conditions

Question 30

Level A test

Answer 30

can be interpreted with the aid of a manual and knowledge of organization/institution (e.g. spelling test)

Question 31

Level B test

Answer 31

requires some technical knowledge and knowledge of psychology, stats, guidance, etc (e.g., aptitude tests, many interest inventories)

Question 32

Level C test

Answer 32

require substantial knowledge, education, or training with supervised experience (e.g. projective tests, neropsych)

Question 33

issues with CAPA

Answer 33

Computer-Assisted Psychological Assessment - safeguards re: test users (materials easily copied), is it comparable with normed paper and pencil format?, scoring and interpretation can take away much of the value of the assessment, online test are unregulated

Question 34

rights of testtakers

Answer 34

informed consent, the right to be informed of test findings, right to privacy and confidentiality, right to the least stigmatizing label

Question 35

informed consent

Answer 35

testtakers have a right to know (1) why they are being evaluated, (2) how the test data will be used, and (3) what (if any) info will be released to whom.
also - know they have a choice to participate, how results will be given and what recommendations might be made, you must have reasonable belief that client understood. (competency). If they must be deceived, they will be debriefed after.

Question 36

privacy

Answer 36

right to choosing to disclose your own personal information

Question 37

privileged information

Answer 37

protects clients from disclosure in a legal proceeding, extended to parties in certain relationships (lawyer). Privilege belogs to the client.

Question 38

confidentiality

Answer 38

the non-disclosure of certain information

Question 39

results of clinical tests are ____ from the legal requirement of therapy records

Answer 39

specifically excluded. however, you should obtain consent from assessees before releasing assessment-related info