Ch. 2 Genetics, Epigenetics, and the Brain:

Question 1

Ovum

Answer 1

the inheritance of traits begins with conception when a man’s
sperm fertilizes a woman’s egg,

Question 2

chromosomes

Answer 2

the physical structures
that are the vehicles of inheritance from the mother.

Question 3

cytoplasm;

Answer 3

The ovum’s nucleus is surrounded by a great deal of cellular material

Question 4

zygote

Answer 4

The sperm’s chromosomes become part of the nuclear material in the
fertilized ovum,

Question 5

autosomes

Answer 5

23 pairs of chromo-
somes. One member of each pair comes from the mother (ovum) and one from the

father (sperm). Twenty-two of these pairs are matched and are called autosomes

Question 6

X chromosomes

Answer 6

in female zygotes, the 23r pair consists of two matched chromosomes

Question 7

Y chromosome

Answer 7

but male zygotes have a mismatched pair.
They have an X chromosome from their mothers but a much
smaller Y chromosome

Question 8

implantation

Answer 8

the growing organism migrates down the mother’s fallopian tube, into the uterus, and may succeed in implantation,

Question 9

embryo

Answer 9

attaching itself to
the uterine lining, which makes further growth and development possible.

Question 10

epigenesis

Answer 10

It was a term to describe the emergence of different outcomes from the same hereditary material, which all seemed rather mysterious
Biologists now define epigenesis more specifically as the set of processes by which factors outside of hereditary material itself

can influence how hereditary material functions

Question 11

epigenome

Answer 11

is the full set of factors,from the cell to the outside world,that controls the expression of hereditary mate-
rial. “The activity of the genes can be affected through the cytoplasm of the cell by events originating at any other level in the system, including the external environ-
ment”

Question 12

coaction,

Answer 12

Heredity and environment are engaged from the very beginning in an intricate dance,

Question 13

epigenetic model

Answer 13

a multidimensional theory. He expands the concept of epigenesis, describing it as the emergence of structural and functional properties and competencies as a function of the coaction of hereditary and environmental

factors, with these factors having reciprocal effects, “meaning they can influence each
other”(Gottlieb,