Ch 2- Exercise Physiology

Question 1

Muscular strength

Answer 1

The maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can exert during a single contraction

Question 2

Muscular endurance

Answer 2

The ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert force against a resistance over time

Question 3

Essential fat

Answer 3

The amount of body fat that is necessary for the maintenance of life and reproductive function (10-13% for women and 2-5% for men)

Question 4

Storage fat

Answer 4

Body fat that is stored in excess of essential fat– excess body-fat is storage is referred to as overweight or obesity

Question 5

Tidal volume

Answer 5

The volume of air moved with each breath. It represents the depth of ventilation.

Question 6

Stroke volume

Answer 6

The quantity or blood pumped per heart beat

Question 7

Aerobic glycolysis

Answer 7

The metabolic pathway that produces ATP in the presence of oxygen

Question 8

Anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 8

The metabolic pathway that produces ATP in the absence of oxygen

Question 9

Heat exhaustion

Answer 9

A moderate form of heat stress due to inadequate circulatory adjustments to exercise in the heat and humidity
Coupled w/ fluid loss

Question 10

Heat stroke

Answer 10

A severe form of heat stress resulting from a complete failure of the body’s hear regulating mechanisms
Core temperature of 104 or more

Question 11

First ventilatory threshold

Answer 11

VT1 occurs at approximately the first time lactate begins to accumulate. Hyperventilation is relative to VT2 and is caused by the need to blow off extra CO2 produced by the buffering of acid metabolites.
VT1 is approx. the highest intensity that a trained athlete can perform for 1-2 hours of exercise.

Question 12

Second Ventilatory Threshold

Answer 12

VT2 occurs when lactate is rapidly increasing with intensity. It represents hyperventilation relative to the extra CO2 that is being produced. VT2 is the highest exertion a trained individual can sustain for 30-60 minutes

Question 13

Beta oxidation

Answer 13

The process of breaking down fatty acids for the production of ATP

Question 14

Partial pressure

Answer 14

The relative amount and availability of an atmospheric gas at a given altitude.

Question 15

Mitochondria

Answer 15

The site for aerobic production of ATP

Question 16

Catecholamines

Answer 16

A category of hormones that stimulate the body to adjust to the increased metabolic demands of exercise

Question 17

Sympathetic stimulation

Answer 17

The process that results in preparing the body for exercise– fight or flight mechanism

Question 18

Maximal aerobic capacity

Answer 18

The greatest amount of oxygen an individual can take in, transport, and use for physical work

Question 19

Creatine phosphate

Answer 19

A high energy compound found within muscle cells used to supply energy for intense, short duration activities

Question 20

Adenosine triphosphate

Answer 20

Complicated chemical structure that when broken down releases energy for cellular work

Question 21

Lactate

Answer 21

A metabolic by-product that causes changes in muscle pH and eventual muscle fatigue

Question 22

Respiratory exchange ratio

Answer 22

The amount of carbon dioxide produced relative to the amount of oxygen consumed

Question 23

First ventilatory threshold

Answer 23

The highest intensity that can be sustained for one to two hours in a well trained individual

Question 24

Second ventilatory threshold

Answer 24

The highest intensity that can be sustained for one to two hours in well-trained individuals

Question 25

Cortisol

Answer 25

Promotes protein and triglyceride breakdown during prolonged exercise

Question 26

Estrogen

Answer 26

Plays a major role in bone formation and maintenance

Question 27

Epinephrine

Answer 27

Increases cardiac output and causes glycogenolysis during exercise

Question 28

Insulin

Answer 28

Facilitates glucose removal from the blood

Question 29

Aldosterone

Answer 29

Limits sodium excretion in the urine to maintain electrolyte balance during exercise

Question 30

Vasopressin

Answer 30

Reduces urinary excretion of water

Question 31

Glucagon

Answer 31

Causes the release of free fatty acids into the bloodstream

Question 32

Growth hormone

Answer 32

Facilitates protein synthesis in the body

Question 33

4 major components of fitness

Answer 33

1. Muscular fitness (muscular strength and endurance)
2. Cardiovascular or cardio respiratory endurance
3. Flexibility
4. Body composition