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Genetics > Ch. 2 Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Chromosomes and Cell Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

prokaryote

A

unicellular organism with a simple cell structure; prokaryotes include bacteria (eubacteria) and archaea

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2
Q

eukaryotes

A

one of the three primary divisions of life, consisting of organisms whose cells have a complex structure including a nuclear envelope and membrane-bounded organelles; eukaryotes include unicellular and multicellular forms

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3
Q

bacteria

A

one of the three primary divisions of life, consisting of prokaryotic unicellular organisms; also called eubacteria

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4
Q

archaea

A

one of the three primary divisions of life, consisting of unicellular organisms with prokaryotic cell structure

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5
Q

nucleus

A

compartment in eukaryotic cells that is enclosed by the nuclear envelope and contains the chromosomes

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6
Q

histone

A

low-molecular-weight protein found in eukaryotes that complexes with DNA to form chromosomes

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7
Q

chromatin

A

material found in the eukaryotic nucleus; consists of DNA and proteins

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8
Q

virus

A

noncellular replicating structure consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat; can replicate only within a host cell

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9
Q

origin of replication

A

site where DNA synthesis is initiated

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10
Q

homologous pair

A

a pair of chromosomes that are alike in structure and size and that carry genetic information for the same set of hereditary characteristics; one chromosome of a homologous pair is inherited from the male pedant and the other is inherited from the female parent

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11
Q

diploid

A

possessing two sets of chromosomes

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12
Q

haploid

A

possessing a single set of chromosomes

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13
Q

polyploidy

A

possession of more than two sets of chromosomes

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14
Q

centromere

A

constricted region on a chromosomes that stains less strongly than the rest of the chromosome; serves as the attachment point for spindle microtubules

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15
Q

telomere

A

stable end of a eukaryotic chromosome

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16
Q

sister chromatids

A

two copies of a chromosome that are held together at the centromere; each chromatid consists of a single DNA molecule

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17
Q

cell cycle

A

stages through which a cell passes from one cell division to the next

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18
Q

checkpoint

A

a key transition point at which progression to the next stage in the cell cycle is regulated

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19
Q

cytokinesis

A

process by which the cytoplasm of a cell divides

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20
Q

mitosis

A

process by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides

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21
Q

interphase

A

major phase of the cell cycle between cell divisions; in interphase, the cell grows, develops, and prepares for cell division

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22
Q

condensins

A

a group of proteins that bind to chromosomes as a cell enters prophase, causing the chromosomes to become more compact and visible under a light microscope

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23
Q

prophase

A

stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes contract and become visible, the cytoskeleton breaks down, and the mitotic spindle begins to form

24
Q

prometaphase

A

stage of mitosis in which the nuclear membrane breaks down and the spindle microtubules attach to the chromosomes

25
Q

metaphase

A

stage of mitosis in which chromosomes align in the center of the cell

26
Q

anaphase

A

stage of mitosis in which chromatids separate and move toward the spindle poles

27
Q

amphidiploidy

A

type of allopolyploidy in which two different diploid genomes are combined such that every chromosome has one and only one homologous partner and the genome is functionally diploid

28
Q

telophase

A

stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles, the nuclear membrane re-forms, and the chromosomes relax and lengthen

29
Q

double fertilization

A

fertilization in plants; includes the fusion of a sperm cell with an egg cell to form a zygote and the fusion of a second sperm cell with the polar nuclei to form an endosperm

30
Q

meiosis

A

process by which the chromosomes of a eukaryotic cell divide to give rise to haploid reproductive cells; consists of two divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II

31
Q

tetrad

A

see bivalent

32
Q

bivalent

A

a synapsed pair of homologous chromosomes consisting of four chromatids; also called a tetrad

33
Q

synapsis

A

close pairing of homologous chromosomes

34
Q

prophase I

A

stage of meiosis I in which chromosomes condense and pair, crossing over takes place, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the mitotic spindle forms

35
Q

crossing over

A

exchange of genetic material between homologous but nonsister chromatids

36
Q

telophase I

A

stage of meiosis in which chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles

37
Q

metaphase I

A

stage of meiosis I in which homologous pairs of chromosomes align in the center of the cell

38
Q

anaphase I

A

stage of meiosis I in which homologous chromosomes separate and move toward the spindle poles

39
Q

metaphase II

A

stage of meiosis II in which individual chromosomes align in the center of the cell

40
Q

prophase II

A

stage of meiosis after interkinesis in which chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the spindle forms. some cells skip this stage

41
Q

interkinesis

A

period between meiosis I and meiosis II

42
Q

telophase II

A

stage of meiosis II in which chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles

43
Q

anaphase II

A

stage of meiosis II in which chromatids separate and move toward the spindle poles

44
Q

homologous recombination

A

exchange of genetic information between homologous DNA molecules

45
Q

cohesin

A

molecule that holds two sister chromatids of a chromosome together; the breakdown of cohesin at the centromeres enables the chromatids to separate in anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis

46
Q

spermatid

A

immediate product of meiosis II in spermatogenesis; matures to sperm

47
Q

secondary spermatocyte

A

product of meiosis I in male animals

48
Q

primary spermatocyte

A

spermatogonium that has entered prophase I

49
Q

spermatogenesis

A

sperm production in animals

50
Q

spermatogonium

A

diploid cell in the testis; capable of undergoing meiosis to produce a sperm

51
Q

primary oocyte

A

oogonium that has entered prophase I

52
Q

oogenesis

A

egg production in animals

53
Q

second polar body

A

one of the products of meiosis II in oogenesis; contains a set of chromosomes but little of the cytoplasm

54
Q

ovum

A

final product of oogenesis

55
Q

first polar body

A

one of the products of meiosis I in oogenesis; contains half the chromosomes but little of the cytoplasm

56
Q

secondary oocyte

A

one of the products of meiosis I in oogenesis; receives most of the cytoplasm

57
Q

microspore

A

haploid product of meiosis in plants

Genetics (6 decks)

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