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Biology > Ch 2 - Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Ch 2 - Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Alpha glucose

A

A structural isomer of glucose that exists in a ring form where the hydroxyl group on carbon-1 lies below the plane of the ring.

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2
Q

Amino acids

A

The monomers containing an amino group (NH,), a carboxyl group (COOH) and a variable R group that make up proteins.

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3
Q

Amylopectin

A

A branched polysaccharide made up of alpha glucose monomers joined by a-1,6 glycosidic bonds that makes up starch along with amylose.

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4
Q

Amylose

A

An unbranched polysaccharide made up of alpha glucose monomers joined by a-1,4 glycosidic bonds that makes up starch along with amylopectin.

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5
Q

Benedict’s test

A

A biochemical test for reducing sugars that produces a different colour based on the amount of reducing sugar present.

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6
Q

Beta glucose

A

A structural isomer of glucose that exists in a ring form where the hydroxyl group on carbon-1 lies above the plane of the ring.

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7
Q

Biuret test

A

A biochemical test that produces a purple colour when it is added to a solution containing protein.

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8
Q

Cellulose

A

A polysaccharide made of beta glucose monomers joined by B-1,4 glycosidic bonds that is used as a structural polysaccharide, providing strength to plant cell walls.

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9
Q

Collagen

A

A type of fibrous protein that provides strength to many different cell types and makes up connective tissues.

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10
Q

Condensation reaction

A

A type of reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond involving the elimination of a molecule of water.

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11
Q

Disaccharide

A

Molecules formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides.

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12
Q

Disulfide bond

A

A covalent bond formed between sulfur-containing cysteine side chains of amino acids.

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13
Q

Emulsion test

A

A biochemical test that produces a cloudy emulsion when performed on lipids.

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14
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

A class of long chain proteins that are generally insoluble in water and typically have structural roles.

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15
Q

Globular proteins

A

A class of spherical shaped proteins that are generally water-soluble and typically have metabolic roles.

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16
Q

Glycogen

A

A highly branched polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers that is used as the main storage of energy in humans and animals.

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17
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

A bond between two monosaccharides formed in a condensation reaction.

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18
Q

Haemoglobin

A

A type of conjugated globular protein used to transport oxygen that is made up of four polypeptide chains, each containing a ham prosthetic group.

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19
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A type of weak bond formed between an electropositive hydrogen and an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen.

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20
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

A type of reaction involving the use of a water molecule that breaks a chemical bond between two molecules.

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21
Q

Hydrophobic interaction

A

Polar side chains face the cytosol. Non-polar side chains arrange to minimise the surface area in contact with water and often point inwards.

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22
Q

lodine test

A

A biochemical test that produces a blue/black colour when it is added to a solution containing starch.

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23
Q

Latent heat of vapourisation

A

The amount of energy needed for a substance to change state from a liquid to a gas.

24
Q

Macromolecule

A

A large molecule formed by condensation reactions between smaller molecules. Polymers are a type of macromolecule, but not all macromolecules are formed from repeating units.

25
Q

Monomers

A

The smaller units from which larger molecules are made.

26
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The individual sugar monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made.

27
Q

Non-reducing sugar

A

A sugar that does not have a free aldehyde or ketone functional group so cannot act as a reducing agent, e.g. sucrose.

28
Q

Peptide bond

A

The bond between amino acids formed by a condensation reaction between the -H of the amine group on one molecule and the -OH of the carboxylic acid group on the other molecule.

29
Q

Phospholipid

A

A type of lipid formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol, two molecules of fatty acid and a phosphate group. The two fatty acid chains are the non-polar hydrophobic tails whilst the phosphate group is the polar hydrophilic head.

30
Q

Polymers

A

Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together.

31
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Molecules formed by the condensation of many monosaccharides.

32
Q

Primary structure

A

The individual sequence of amino acids in a protein.

33
Q

Quaternary structure

A

A structure only applicable to proteins with multiple polypeptide chains that describes the interactions of the different chains.

34
Q

Reducing sugar

A

A sugar that has a free aldehyde or ketone functional group so can act as a reducing agent, e.g. maltose, fructose, glucose.

35
Q

Secondary structure

A

The local interactions of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain resulting in an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet.

36
Q

Solvent

A

A substance which other solutes are dissolved in.

37
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by a specific amount.

38
Q

Starch

A

A polysaccharide made of alpha glucose monomers that is used as the main storage of energy in plants.

39
Q

Sucrose

A

A disaccharide formed by condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule.

40
Q

Tertiary structure

A

The way that the whole protein folds to make a three-dimensional structure.

41
Q

Triglyceride

A

A type of lipid formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

42
Q

What are the four major classes of biological molecules ?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Carbohydrates – C, H, O
Lipids – C, H, O
Proteins – C, H, O, N, S
Nucleic acids – C, H, O, N, P

43
Q

Monomers

A

Monomers are small units that form larger molecules. Monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides are key monomers, important in making up some important polymers

44
Q

Polymers

A

Polymers consist of a chain of monomers. Polymers are simply very large, long, and complex molecules which consist of smaller and simpler monomers strung together in a chain

45
Q

Homogenous

A

Homogenous means that all of their monomers are the same, and heterogenous means that their monomeric subunits are different. Examples of homogenous polymers are carbohydrates and proteins, and heterogenous polymers include lipids. In later sections of this chapter, we will come across various homogenous and heterogenous polymers.

46
Q

What are Biological Molecules?

A

Biological molecules are the chemical compounds found in living organisms that are essential for the growth, maintenance, and functioning of cells and tissues. These molecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

47
Q

What is the function of Carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for the body. They are broken down into glucose which is used by the body’s cells for energy. They also have a structural function in cell walls.

48
Q

What is the function of Lipids?

A

Lipids are important for energy storage and insulation in the body. They also have a structural role in cell membranes.

49
Q

What is the function of Proteins?

A

Proteins have many important functions in the body, including serving as enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions, transporting molecules, providing structure to cells, and regulating gene expression.

50
Q

What are Nucleic Acids?

A

Nucleic acids are the genetic material of the cell. They include DNA and RNA, which are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.

51
Q

What is the structure of Carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. They can be simple sugars or complex carbohydrates, such as starch.

52
Q

What is the structure of Lipids?

A

Lipids are made up of fatty acids and glycerol. They are non-polar molecules, meaning they do not mix well with water.

53
Q

What is the structure of Proteins?

A

Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are linked together by peptide bonds to form long chains. The sequence of amino acids determines the protein’s structure and function.

54
Q

What is the structure of Nucleic Acids?

A

Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The sequence of nucleotides determines the genetic information stored in DNA and RNA.

55
Q

What is the relationship between Biological Molecules and Enzymes?

A

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body. Enzymes are specific to certain substrates and act to break down or build up biological molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Biology (1 decks)

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