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Biol 1190 > Ch. 2-Biochem > Flashcards

Ch. 2-Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

Which bond transfers electrons and will break easily in water?

A

Ionic

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2
Q

Which ion is important to initiate nerve impulses?

A

Sodium

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3
Q

Which ion gives bone its hardness?

A

Calcium

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4
Q

Which ion helps alter the pH of solutions?

A

Hydrogen when bonded with a negative ion

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5
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Sharing of electrons between two atoms to fill up their valence shells. It is a strong bond.

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5
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A weak, covalent bond with electrons that are not uniformly distributed.

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6
Q

What makes water cohesive and creates surface tension?

A

Hydrogen bonds between the water molecules

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7
Q

What are catalysts?

A

Catalysts lowers activation energy and increases rate of reaction

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8
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

Transfer of electrons between atoms/molecules.

Oxidation: loss of electrons and energy is released

Reduction: Gain of electrons and energy is gained

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9
Q

What compounds lack carbon?

A

Inorganic

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10
Q

What is a polar molecule? Non-polar?

A

A polar molecule with different partial charges and can be dissolved easily.
A non-polar molecule has an even distribution of electrons, cannot be easily dissolved.

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10
Q

Why does oil hang in water?

A

Lipids are non-polar (have no charge), therefore they are not attracted to water molecules and is not soluble in water.

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11
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Component of cell membranes with hydrophobic (non-polar, fatty acids) tails and hydrophobic(polar, phosphate group) heads.

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12
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Water is added to break down polymers into monomers

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13
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

Water is removed to create bonds

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14
Q

Properties of water.

A

High heat capacity and acts as a lubricant in our body.

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15
Q

Substance that will increase its concentration of hydrogen when added to a solution?

A

Acid

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16
Q

What is a base?

A

A substance that will increase the concentration of hydroxide when added to a solution.

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17
Q

Where is HCl found in our body?

A

Our stomach, it kills bacteria and helps digest proteins

18
Q

What acid helps regulate blood pH?

A

Carbonic acid

19
Q

What is an example of a polysaccharide in animals and plants?

A

Animals: glycogen
Plants: starch, cellulose

19
Q

How do buffers work in our body?

A

It counteracts changes in pH by taking up excess hydrogen ions when blood is too acidic or releasing hydrogen ions when blood is too basic.

20
Q

Functions of carbohydrates.

A

short-term energy, modify proteins, and helps with structure

21
Q

What is a glycocalyx?

A

Chains of carbohydrate on cell membrane that creates a slippery texture to helps prevent clotting in blood vessel

22
Q

What are the functions of fatty acids?

A

synthesizes phospholipids and triglycerides and breaks down to generate ATP

23
Q

Name 5 lipids.

A

FA, eicosanoids, steroids, phospholipids, triglycerides

24
Q

What is a triglyceride made up of?

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

25
Q

Which fat is solid in room temp?

A

Saturated

26
Q

Functions of lipids.

A

To protect, insulate, and store energy

27
Q

Functions of proteins. (5)

A

Gives structure, regulates processes, provides protection, transports substances, and serves as enzymes.

28
Q

What are the 6 types of proteins?

A

Structural, regulatory, Contractile, immunological, transport, and catalytic

29
Q

What does an amino acid contain?

A

An amine(base) group, a side chain, and a carboxylic group

30
Q

What is the primary structure of protein?

A

An amino acid sequence held together by a peptide bond

31
Q

Secondary structure?

A

Twisting/folding (alpha helix/beta-pleated sheets) of neighbouring amino acids held together by hydrogen bond

32
Q

Tertiary structure?

A

3D shape of a polypeptide chain

33
Q

Quaternary structure?

A

2 or more polypeptide chains coming together

34
Q

Give 2 parts of an enzyme.

A

Apoenzyme, the protein part and the co-factor, the non-protein part.

35
Q

Can enzyme activity be inhibited or enhanced?

A

Yes, substances within cell may change shape of active site or make it inaccessible

36
Q

What do ATPases do?

A

Control the release of energy from ATP

37
Q

Where is the usable energy in ATP located?

A

The bond holding the third phosphate.

38
Q

What is an ATPase?

A

An enzyme that uses energy from breakdown of ATP molecules

39
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide?

A

A phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base

40
Q

How many bonds does adenine and thymine have?

A

2

41
Q

Function of DNA

A

Has the information to make proteins

42
Q

Function of RNA

A

Carries replicated genetic code and helps with protein synthesis

Biol 1190 (4 decks)

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