Ch. 2-Biochem Flashcards
Which bond transfers electrons and will break easily in water?
Ionic
Which ion is important to initiate nerve impulses?
Sodium
Which ion gives bone its hardness?
Calcium
Which ion helps alter the pH of solutions?
Hydrogen when bonded with a negative ion
What is a covalent bond?
Sharing of electrons between two atoms to fill up their valence shells. It is a strong bond.
What is a hydrogen bond?
A weak, covalent bond with electrons that are not uniformly distributed.
What makes water cohesive and creates surface tension?
Hydrogen bonds between the water molecules
What are catalysts?
Catalysts lowers activation energy and increases rate of reaction
What is a redox reaction?
Transfer of electrons between atoms/molecules.
Oxidation: loss of electrons and energy is released
Reduction: Gain of electrons and energy is gained
What compounds lack carbon?
Inorganic
What is a polar molecule? Non-polar?
A polar molecule with different partial charges and can be dissolved easily.
A non-polar molecule has an even distribution of electrons, cannot be easily dissolved.
Why does oil hang in water?
Lipids are non-polar (have no charge), therefore they are not attracted to water molecules and is not soluble in water.
What are phospholipids?
Component of cell membranes with hydrophobic (non-polar, fatty acids) tails and hydrophobic(polar, phosphate group) heads.
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
Water is added to break down polymers into monomers
What is dehydration synthesis?
Water is removed to create bonds
Properties of water.
High heat capacity and acts as a lubricant in our body.
Substance that will increase its concentration of hydrogen when added to a solution?
Acid
What is a base?
A substance that will increase the concentration of hydroxide when added to a solution.
Where is HCl found in our body?
Our stomach, it kills bacteria and helps digest proteins
What acid helps regulate blood pH?
Carbonic acid
What is an example of a polysaccharide in animals and plants?
Animals: glycogen
Plants: starch, cellulose
How do buffers work in our body?
It counteracts changes in pH by taking up excess hydrogen ions when blood is too acidic or releasing hydrogen ions when blood is too basic.
Functions of carbohydrates.
short-term energy, modify proteins, and helps with structure
What is a glycocalyx?
Chains of carbohydrate on cell membrane that creates a slippery texture to helps prevent clotting in blood vessel
What are the functions of fatty acids?
synthesizes phospholipids and triglycerides and breaks down to generate ATP
Name 5 lipids.
FA, eicosanoids, steroids, phospholipids, triglycerides
What is a triglyceride made up of?
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Which fat is solid in room temp?
Saturated
Functions of lipids.
To protect, insulate, and store energy
Functions of proteins. (5)
Gives structure, regulates processes, provides protection, transports substances, and serves as enzymes.
What are the 6 types of proteins?
Structural, regulatory, Contractile, immunological, transport, and catalytic
What does an amino acid contain?
An amine(base) group, a side chain, and a carboxylic group
What is the primary structure of protein?
An amino acid sequence held together by a peptide bond
Secondary structure?
Twisting/folding (alpha helix/beta-pleated sheets) of neighbouring amino acids held together by hydrogen bond
Tertiary structure?
3D shape of a polypeptide chain
Quaternary structure?
2 or more polypeptide chains coming together
Give 2 parts of an enzyme.
Apoenzyme, the protein part and the co-factor, the non-protein part.
Can enzyme activity be inhibited or enhanced?
Yes, substances within cell may change shape of active site or make it inaccessible
What do ATPases do?
Control the release of energy from ATP
Where is the usable energy in ATP located?
The bond holding the third phosphate.
What is an ATPase?
An enzyme that uses energy from breakdown of ATP molecules
What are the components of a nucleotide?
A phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base
How many bonds does adenine and thymine have?
2
Function of DNA
Has the information to make proteins
Function of RNA
Carries replicated genetic code and helps with protein synthesis
