Ch. 2 Basic Chemistry

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Question 2

Atoms

Answer 2

Smallest chemical unit.

Question 3

Electrons

Answer 3

Negatively charged subatomic particles

Question 4

Nucleus

Answer 4

Composed of uncharged neutrons and positively charged protons

Question 5

Element

Answer 5

Matter composed of a single type of atom

Question 6

Atomic number

Answer 6

Number of protons in nuclei

Question 7

Atomic mass

Answer 7

Sum of masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrons are usually ignored.

Question 8

Isotopes

Answer 8

Every atom of an element has the same number of protons but can differ in number of neutrons in their nuclei - isotopes

Question 9

Electron shells

Answer 9

1st - 2 electrons
2nd - 8 electrons
3rd - 8 electrons -18 when fourth shell contains 2

Question 10

Valence electrons

Answer 10

Electrons in the outer most shell
An atoms combining capacity
Positive if it’s valence shell has extra electrons to give up
Negative if has spaces to fill

Question 11

Chemical bonds

Answer 11

Atoms combining by sharing or transferring valence electrons

Question 12

Molecule

Answer 12

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Question 13

Compound

Answer 13

A molecule that contains atoms of more than one element

Question 14

Covalent bond

Answer 14

Sharing a pair of electrons between two atoms

Question 15

Nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 15

Atoms with similar electronegativities, the shared electrons tend to spend an equal amount of time around each nucleus of the pair and no pools exist; therefore the bond between them is a nonpolar covalent bond

Question 16

—

Answer 16

Chemical bond

Question 17

:

Answer 17

Covalent bond

Question 18

Organic compounds

Answer 18

Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen Atoms

Question 19

Polar covalent bond

Answer 19

A type of bond where there is unequal sharing of electrons

Question 20

Cations

Answer 20

Positively charged ions

Question 21

Ion

Answer 21

And Atom or group of atoms that has either full negative charge or full positive charge

Question 22

Anions

Answer 22

Negatively charged ions

Question 23

Ionic bond

Answer 23

Cations and it anions attract each other and form an ionic bond

Question 24

Salts

Answer 24

Composed of metallic and nonmetallic ions made of crystalline compounds

Question 25

Electrolytes

Answer 25

When cations and Anions disassociate from one another and become surrounded by water molecules

Question 26

Hydrogen bond

Answer 26

The electrical attraction between a partially charged hydrogen atom and a full or partial negative charge on either a different region of the same molecule or another molecule

Question 27

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 27

Two smaller molecules are joined together by covalent bond and a water molecule is formed

Question 28

Endothermic reactions

Answer 28

Reactions that require energy

Question 29

Anabolism

Answer 29

All the synthesis reactions in an organism

Question 30

Decomposition reactions

Answer 30

Reverse of synthesis reactions in that they break bonds within a larger molecules to form smaller Atoms ions and molecules

Question 31

Catabolism

Answer 31

All of the decomposition reactions in an organism

Question 32

Inorganic chemicals

Answer 32

Typically lack carbon such as water, oxygen molecules, metal ions, and many acids bases and salts

Question 33

Special properties of water

Answer 33

Water molecules are cohesive - they stick together Water is an excellent solvent Water remains a liquid across a wider range of temperatures Water can absorb significant amounts of heat energy without itself change in temperature Water molecules participate in many chemical reactions within cells both as reactants and the products

Question 34

Acid

Answer 34

A substance that disassociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more Anions

Question 35

Base

Answer 35

A molecule that binds with H positive when dissolved in water

Question 36

Buffers

Answer 36

Substances that prevent drastic changes in internal pH by removing excess hydrogen and Hydroxyl ions

Question 37

Macromolecules

Answer 37

Lipids carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acid's

Question 38

Lipids

Answer 38

Common trait is that they are all hydrophobic

Question 39

Saturated fat

Answer 39

Linked with hydrogen

Question 40

Unsaturated fat

Answer 40

No hydrogen

Question 41

Phospholipids

Answer 41

The tail is hydrophobic but the head is hydrophilic

Question 42

Monomers

Answer 42

Basic building blocks

Question 43

Polymers

Answer 43

Chains of monomers

Question 44

Monosaccharide

Answer 44

Simple sugar also the simplest carbohydrate

Question 45

Disaccharide

Answer 45

When two monosaccharide molecules are linked together via dehydration synthesis

Question 46

Polysaccharide

Answer 46

Polymers composed of tens hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides that have been covalently linked in dehydration synthesis reactions

Question 47

Proteins

Answer 47

Most complex organic compound | 4 levels of organization - primary secondary tertiary quanternary