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Medical Microbiology > Ch. 2 Basic Chemistry > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Basic Chemistry Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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2
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest chemical unit.

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3
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged subatomic particles

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

Composed of uncharged neutrons and positively charged protons

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5
Q

Element

A

Matter composed of a single type of atom

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6
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in nuclei

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7
Q

Atomic mass

A

Sum of masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrons are usually ignored.

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8
Q

Isotopes

A

Every atom of an element has the same number of protons but can differ in number of neutrons in their nuclei - isotopes

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9
Q

Electron shells

A

1st - 2 electrons
2nd - 8 electrons
3rd - 8 electrons -18 when fourth shell contains 2

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10
Q

Valence electrons

A

Electrons in the outer most shell
An atoms combining capacity
Positive if it’s valence shell has extra electrons to give up
Negative if has spaces to fill

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11
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Atoms combining by sharing or transferring valence electrons

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12
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

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13
Q

Compound

A

A molecule that contains atoms of more than one element

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14
Q

Covalent bond

A

Sharing a pair of electrons between two atoms

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15
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

Atoms with similar electronegativities, the shared electrons tend to spend an equal amount of time around each nucleus of the pair and no pools exist; therefore the bond between them is a nonpolar covalent bond

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16
Q

—

A

Chemical bond

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17
Q

:

A

Covalent bond

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18
Q

Organic compounds

A

Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen Atoms

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19
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

A type of bond where there is unequal sharing of electrons

20
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged ions

21
Q

Ion

A

And Atom or group of atoms that has either full negative charge or full positive charge

22
Q

Anions

A

Negatively charged ions

23
Q

Ionic bond

A

Cations and it anions attract each other and form an ionic bond

24
Q

Salts

A

Composed of metallic and nonmetallic ions made of crystalline compounds

25
Q

Electrolytes

A

When cations and Anions disassociate from one another and become surrounded by water molecules

26
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

The electrical attraction between a partially charged hydrogen atom and a full or partial negative charge on either a different region of the same molecule or another molecule

27
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Two smaller molecules are joined together by covalent bond and a water molecule is formed

28
Q

Endothermic reactions

A

Reactions that require energy

29
Q

Anabolism

A

All the synthesis reactions in an organism

30
Q

Decomposition reactions

A

Reverse of synthesis reactions in that they break bonds within a larger molecules to form smaller Atoms ions and molecules

31
Q

Catabolism

A

All of the decomposition reactions in an organism

32
Q

Inorganic chemicals

A

Typically lack carbon such as water, oxygen molecules, metal ions, and many acids bases and salts

33
Q

Special properties of water

A

Water molecules are cohesive - they stick together
Water is an excellent solvent
Water remains a liquid across a wider range of temperatures
Water can absorb significant amounts of heat energy without itself change in temperature
Water molecules participate in many chemical reactions within cells both as reactants and the products

34
Q

Acid

A

A substance that disassociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more Anions

35
Q

Base

A

A molecule that binds with H positive when dissolved in water

36
Q

Buffers

A

Substances that prevent drastic changes in internal pH by removing excess hydrogen and Hydroxyl ions

37
Q

Macromolecules

A

Lipids carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acid’s

38
Q

Lipids

A

Common trait is that they are all hydrophobic

39
Q

Saturated fat

A

Linked with hydrogen

40
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

No hydrogen

41
Q

Phospholipids

A

The tail is hydrophobic but the head is hydrophilic

42
Q

Monomers

A

Basic building blocks

43
Q

Polymers

A

Chains of monomers

44
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Simple sugar also the simplest carbohydrate

45
Q

Disaccharide

A

When two monosaccharide molecules are linked together via dehydration synthesis

46
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Polymers composed of tens hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides that have been covalently linked in dehydration synthesis reactions

47
Q

Proteins

A

Most complex organic compound

4 levels of organization - primary secondary tertiary quanternary

Medical Microbiology (1 decks)

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