Ch. 2 Approches to Learning and Teaching

Question 1

the presentation of a stimulus to increase responding

Answer 1

Positive Reinforcement

Question 2

The removal of a stimulus or taking away something that is unpleasant to increase responding

Answer 2

Negative reinforcement

Question 3

Toys, games, and privileges are examples of…

Answer 3

Positive reinforcement

Question 4

turning off the music in the classroom in order to increase student work or removing a scowl at a student until the student works is an example of

Answer 4

negative reinforcement

Question 5

Learning that takes place through negative reinforcement is called

Answer 5

avoidance learning

Question 6

activities that are reinforcing to the student (music, coloring, etc…)

Answer 6

Internal/intrinsic reinforcers

Question 7

a previously neutral behavior that is paired with a reinforcer and therefore takes on reinforcing properties of its own.

Answer 7

secondary reinforcers

Question 8

praise and attention are examples of….

Answer 8

secondary reinforcers

Question 9

teaching students to recognize their achievements….

Answer 9

intrinsic reinforcer

Question 10

reinforcing responses that are more and more closely approximate the target behavior…

Answer 10

Shaping

Question 11

If one activity occurs more frequently that another, the more frequently occurring activity can be used as a reinforcer to increase the rate of the less frequently occurring activity (making one activity contingent upon the other)….

Answer 11

The Premack Principle.

Question 12

a group of students is either reinforced or loses reinforcement, contingent on the behavior of the entire group or of a target student in the group.

Answer 12

Group Contingencies

Question 13

an agreement between two or more persons that specifies their behaviors and consequences.

Answer 13

Contingency Contracting

Question 14

The removal of reinforcement following a behavior (during this time the target behavior will increase in rate or intensity before decreasing….

Answer 14

Extinction (aka ignoring)

Question 15

a record of frequency and/or duration of the behavior before implementing the intervention, and continue to record data after intervention is implemented.

Answer 15

Baseline Data

Question 16

strengthening one set of responses in contrast to another

Answer 16

differential reinforcement

Question 17

Identifying through praise, desirable behaviors, while ignoring undesirable behaviors

Answer 17

differential reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors (DRI)

Question 18

New behaviors are being fostered at the same time that undesirable behaviors are being diminished

Answer 18

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors and Alternate Behaviors

Question 19

Strategy used to strengthen a range of appropriate behaviors that teacher swill attend to naturally , thereby reinforcing a broad repertoire of appropriate behaviors.

Answer 19

Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors (DRA)

Question 20

reinfocement of the nonoccurrence of target behavior during a specified time.; Reinforcers are delivered following time intervals when the target behavior does not occur.

Answer 20

Differential reinforcement of other behaviors

Question 21

A procedure in which a specified amount of a reinforcer is removed after each occurrence of the target behavior.

Answer 21

Response cost

Question 22

The opposite of reinforcement, is following a behavior that a consequence that decreases the strength of the behavior reduces the likelihood of the behavior will continue to occur.

Answer 22

Punishment

Question 23

removing a student from the opportunity to receive an reinforcement

Answer 23

Time-Out

Question 24

the levels a student moves through in acquiring proficiency in learning…

Answer 24

Stages of Learning

Question 25

the first stage of learning, the level of performance the student is currently exhibiting….

Answer 25

Entry Learning Stage

Question 26

The components of the target behavior are sequenced interchangeable elements….

Answer 26

Acquisition

Question 27

The focus of learning, occurring at a high level of accuracy…

Answer 27

Proficiency/ fluency

Question 28

The stage in which the goal is for the behavior to be maintained at the target level level of accuracy and proficiency with intermittent reinforcement and a reduction in teacher assistants and cues

Answer 28

Maintenance

Question 29

The learning stage in which the target behavior transfers across settings, persons, and materials.

Answer 29

Generalization

Question 30

The final stage in which the learner is required to extend and use the learning in new situations.…

Answer 30

Application

Question 31

a type of instruction in which ideas from behavioral social and cognitive learning series and assumes that cognitive behavior like observable behaviors, can be changed

Answer 31

Cognitive strategy instruction

Question 32

Learners monitoring their thinking and actions through language mediation

Answer 32

Self-regulation

Question 33

Organizing, planning, evaluating, and goalsetting behaviors…

Answer 33

Self regulation

Question 34

techniques, principles, or routines that enable students to solve problems and complete tasks independently.

Answer 34

Learning Strategies

Question 35

a teaching technique designed to foster comprehension and comprehension monitoring, the teacher and student take turns leading dialogues that focus on their knowledge of information they are studying and on the process they are using for understanding and fore checking their understanding.

Answer 35

Reciprocal teaching

Question 36

Temporary and adjustable support as disturbances develop new skills, strategies, and knowledge.

Answer 36

Scaffolded instruction