Ch. 2 Approches to Learning and Teaching Flashcards
the presentation of a stimulus to increase responding
Positive Reinforcement
The removal of a stimulus or taking away something that is unpleasant to increase responding
Negative reinforcement
Toys, games, and privileges are examples of…
Positive reinforcement
turning off the music in the classroom in order to increase student work or removing a scowl at a student until the student works is an example of
negative reinforcement
Learning that takes place through negative reinforcement is called
avoidance learning
activities that are reinforcing to the student (music, coloring, etc…)
Internal/intrinsic reinforcers
a previously neutral behavior that is paired with a reinforcer and therefore takes on reinforcing properties of its own.
secondary reinforcers
praise and attention are examples of….
secondary reinforcers
teaching students to recognize their achievements….
intrinsic reinforcer
reinforcing responses that are more and more closely approximate the target behavior…
Shaping
If one activity occurs more frequently that another, the more frequently occurring activity can be used as a reinforcer to increase the rate of the less frequently occurring activity (making one activity contingent upon the other)….
The Premack Principle.
a group of students is either reinforced or loses reinforcement, contingent on the behavior of the entire group or of a target student in the group.
Group Contingencies
an agreement between two or more persons that specifies their behaviors and consequences.
Contingency Contracting
The removal of reinforcement following a behavior (during this time the target behavior will increase in rate or intensity before decreasing….
Extinction (aka ignoring)
a record of frequency and/or duration of the behavior before implementing the intervention, and continue to record data after intervention is implemented.
Baseline Data
strengthening one set of responses in contrast to another
differential reinforcement
Identifying through praise, desirable behaviors, while ignoring undesirable behaviors
differential reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors (DRI)
New behaviors are being fostered at the same time that undesirable behaviors are being diminished
Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors and Alternate Behaviors
Strategy used to strengthen a range of appropriate behaviors that teacher swill attend to naturally , thereby reinforcing a broad repertoire of appropriate behaviors.
Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors (DRA)
reinfocement of the nonoccurrence of target behavior during a specified time.; Reinforcers are delivered following time intervals when the target behavior does not occur.
Differential reinforcement of other behaviors
A procedure in which a specified amount of a reinforcer is removed after each occurrence of the target behavior.
Response cost
The opposite of reinforcement, is following a behavior that a consequence that decreases the strength of the behavior reduces the likelihood of the behavior will continue to occur.
Punishment
removing a student from the opportunity to receive an reinforcement
Time-Out
the levels a student moves through in acquiring proficiency in learning…
Stages of Learning
the first stage of learning, the level of performance the student is currently exhibiting….
Entry Learning Stage
The components of the target behavior are sequenced interchangeable elements….
Acquisition
The focus of learning, occurring at a high level of accuracy…
Proficiency/ fluency
The stage in which the goal is for the behavior to be maintained at the target level level of accuracy and proficiency with intermittent reinforcement and a reduction in teacher assistants and cues
Maintenance
The learning stage in which the target behavior transfers across settings, persons, and materials.
Generalization
The final stage in which the learner is required to extend and use the learning in new situations.…
Application
a type of instruction in which ideas from behavioral social and cognitive learning series and assumes that cognitive behavior like observable behaviors, can be changed
Cognitive strategy instruction
Learners monitoring their thinking and actions through language mediation
Self-regulation
Organizing, planning, evaluating, and goalsetting behaviors…
Self regulation
techniques, principles, or routines that enable students to solve problems and complete tasks independently.
Learning Strategies
a teaching technique designed to foster comprehension and comprehension monitoring, the teacher and student take turns leading dialogues that focus on their knowledge of information they are studying and on the process they are using for understanding and fore checking their understanding.
Reciprocal teaching
Temporary and adjustable support as disturbances develop new skills, strategies, and knowledge.
Scaffolded instruction
