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MIDS 227 (module 3) > Ch 2 Abdominal Wall/Chest > Flashcards

Ch 2 Abdominal Wall/Chest Flashcards

1
Q

What is fascia?

A

-A fibrous tissue network
-Contains rich supply of blood vessels + nerves
-Weak

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2
Q

What are the 2 layers to the abdominal wall?

A

Superficial + deep

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3
Q

Differentiate b/w the superficial + deep layers of the abdominal wall?

A

Superficial:
-Attaches to skin
-Composed of connective tissue + fat

Deep:
-Loosely connected to superficial layer by fibrous strands
-Covers muscles + divides them into groups

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4
Q

What are aponeuroses?

A

-Layers of flat tendinous fibrous sheets with strong connective tissues
-Minimal supply of blood vessels + nerves
-Strong

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5
Q

What is the most known aponeuroses?

A

The rectus sheath

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6
Q

Purpose of aponeuroses?

A

Serves as tendons to attach muscles + nerves

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7
Q

2 main differences b/w fascia + aponeuroses?

A

Fascia:
-Rich supply of blood vessels
-Weak

Aponeuroses:
-Minimal supply of blood vessels
-Strong

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8
Q

Arrange the TRV abdominal muscle, internal oblique + external oblique muscles in order from superficial to deep?

A

-External oblique (most superficial)
-Internal oblique
-TRV abdominal (deepest)

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9
Q

What is the peritoneal membrane?

A

Thin sheet of tissues dividing the abdominal cavity into peritoneal + retroperitoneal compartments

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10
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity is lined with ___?

A

A thin continuous layer of peritoneum

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11
Q

The peritoneal cavity is completely sealed in males or females?

A

Males

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12
Q

Why is the peritoneal cavity not completely sealed in females?

A

B/c it communicates with the external environment via the fallopian tubes

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13
Q

Differentiate b/w the visceral + parietal peritoneum?

A

Visceral:
-peritoneum covering organs/viscrea

Parietal:
-peritoneum lining walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

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14
Q

Where are bare areas located?

A

At the hila of organs, where the peritoneum is absent (part of retroperitoneum)

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15
Q

What is the purpose of bare areas?

A

To allow for vessels, nerves + lymph to enter/exit the organ

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16
Q

In which direction does the external oblique, internal oblique + TRV abdominis muscles run?

A

External: left
Internal: right
TRV: horizontal

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17
Q

What is the rectus abdominis?

A

Our 6 pack muscles

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18
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Strong connective tissue fascia that encases the rectus abdominis + pyramidalis muscles, as well as some arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels + nerves

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19
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

-Midline fibrous structure that runs from the xiphoid process to the symphysis pubis

-It separates the right + left rectus abdominis muscles vertically!!

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20
Q

What is an umbilical ring?

A

Defect in the linea alba at the umbilicus

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21
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

Oblique passage b/w the abdominal wall formed during fetal development

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22
Q

What is the linea semilunaris + where is it located?

A

-A vertical, curved structure that runs along the lateral edges of the rectus abdominis

-Site of union where tendons of the lateral abdominal muscles meet the rectus sheath

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23
Q

What is the arcuate line?

A

-An imaginary line located approx half way from the umbilicus to the pubis symphysis

-It refers to the transition terminating the posterior rectus sheath (still an anterior sheath)!!

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24
Q

Above or below the arcuate line there is no longer a posterior rectus sheath?

A

Below (is a weak spot for hernias)

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25
Q

What occurs superior to the arcuate line?

A

The rectus sheath completely surrounds the rectus abdominis muscle to reach the linea alba

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26
Q

What occurs inferior to the arcuate line?

A

-Absent posterior layer of rectus sheath

-Abscesses or hematomas in the rectus abdominis can rupture more easily now + enter the abdominopelvic cavity

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27
Q

SF of muscles?

A

-Echogenic (medium level)
-Uniform texture

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28
Q

When does the inguinal canal form?

A

During fetal development

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29
Q

How long is the inguinal canal?

A

4cm long

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30
Q

What is the location of the inguinal canal, in relation to the inguinal ligament?

A

Canal is superior + medial to ligament

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31
Q

What does the inguinal canal contain in males vs females?

A

Males: spermatic cord

Females: round uterine ligament

32
Q

What are the 2 openings in the inguinal canal?

A

-Deep (internal) ring
-Superficial (external) ring

33
Q

Differentiate b/w the deep + superficial rings in the inguinal canal?

A

Deep:
-Round opening in the transversalis fascia
-Found lateral to the inferior epigastric arteries

Superficial:
-V shaped opening in external oblique aponeurosis

34
Q

The ___ are potential sites for herniation?

A

Inguinal canal

35
Q

An opening in the external oblique is a ___ inguinal ring?

A

Superficial

36
Q

An opening in the transversalis fascia is a ___ inguinal ring?

A

Deep

37
Q

What is the posterior abdominal wall composed of?

A

-Lumbar vertebra
-Posterior abdominal wall muscles
-Diaphragm
-Fascia
-Lumbar plexus
-Fat, nerves, blood vessels + lymphatics

38
Q

Location of psoas major + minor in regards to the spine?

A

Major: lateral
Minor: medial

39
Q

Location of psoas muscles in regards to the kidney?

A

Posterior/medial

40
Q

Which muscle is the kidney bed?

A

Quadratus lumborum

41
Q

The iliacus lies lateral or medial?

A

Lateral

42
Q

Which to muscles join to form the iliopsoas muscle?

A

Iliacus + psoas

43
Q

Which probe to use for scanning the abdo wall?

A

Highest frequency probe (may need stand-off pads too)

44
Q

SF of skin?

A

Hyperechoic + 1-4mm thick

45
Q

SF of fat?

A

Hypoechoic (to muscle + sheaths)

46
Q

SF of rectus anterolateral muscle?

A

-Hypoechoic to sheath + skin
-Hyperechoic to fat

47
Q

SF of rectus sheath, linea alba + semilunaris?

A

Hyperechoic (to muscle), may shadow

48
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Double dome-shaped musculotendinous division that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

49
Q

___ forms the right + left domes of the diaphragm?

A

Concave surfaces (roof of abdomen)

50
Q

Does the RT or LT diaphragm dome sit higher?

A

RT - b/c of liver

51
Q

The central part of the diaphragm is depressed by the ___?

A

Pericardium

52
Q

Differentiate b/w inhalation + exhalation?

A

Inhalation:
-Contraction + flattening of diaphragm as chest cavity enlarges

Exhalation:
-Diaphragm relaxes + returns to dome shape

53
Q

What is diaphragm crura?

A

-Tendinuous structures extending from the diaphragm to the vertebral column

-Forms a “tether” for muscular contraction

54
Q

The RT or LT crus is larger + longer?

A

RT - it appears as a triangular mass anterior to the Ao

55
Q

Which crus is shorter?

A

Left

56
Q

What are diaphragmatic apertures?

A

Openings which permit structures to pass b/w the thorax + abdomen

(ex. esophagus, blood vessels, nerves + lymphatic vessels)

57
Q

What are the 3 large openings?

A

Caval, esophageal + aortic

(they allow for the passage of vessels, nerves + lymphatics)

58
Q

What is a caval hiatus?

A

-IVC ascends through here into the thorax
-Most superior opening of the 3 large apertures

59
Q

What does an esophageal hiatus allow?

A

-Allows esophagus to pass from thorax into abdomen
-Located superior/left of the Ao hiatus

60
Q

What is an Ao hiatus?

A

-When the Ao passes from thorax into abdomen
-Passes through crura

61
Q

Which hiatus/opening/aperture is the most superior?

A

Caval

62
Q

SF of the diaphragm?

A

Thin, curvilinear, hyperechoic band on adults

Note: an additional thin, echogenic line may be seen on the thoracic side. This is an artifact (mirror image of diaphragm/liver interface)

63
Q

Where does the crura lie in regards to the upper abdominal Ao?

A

Anterior

64
Q

SF of crura?

A

Thin hypoechoic bands that thicken during deep inspiration

65
Q

What are diaphragmatic slips?

A

-Normal prominent muscle insertions
-May cause hepatic invaginations

66
Q

SF of diaphragmatic slips?

A

SAG: hyperechoic bands that thicken on inspiration

TRV: focal hyperechoic masses

(can look pathological, must be careful)

67
Q

3 functions of the thoracic cavity?

A

-Respiratory
-Cardiovascular
-Lymphatic

68
Q

What are the 3 internal cavities that the thoracic cavity contains?

A

-Pericardial cavity
-RT + LT pleural cavities

69
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

Double lined membrane (visceral + parietal pericardium)

70
Q

What are the RT + LT pleural cavities?

A

Double lined membranes (visceral + parietal pleura)

71
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Space in chest that contains the pericardial cavity, esophagus, great vessels, thymus, etc.

72
Q

Location of parietal + visceral layers?

A

Parietal: outer
Visceral: inner

73
Q

List 2 benefits to thoracic cavity sonography?

A

-Portable
-Aids in thoracentesis

74
Q

List 2 windows we use to image the thoracic cavity?

A

-Abdomen (liver + spleen)
-Intercostal

75
Q

List 2 sonographic appearances of the thoracic cavity?

A

-Pleura seen as echogenic lines
-Gliding/sliding sign

MIDS 227 (module 3) (4 decks)

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