Ch 2

Question 1

Systematics

Answer 1

“It is the science of classification and reconstructions of phylogeny. STUDY OF CLASSIFICATION

Question 2

Taxonomy

Answer 2

“taxa” - arrangment
“nomos” - law

-applying names to each of the different kinds of organisms

PRACTICE/LAWS OF CLASSIFICATION

Question 3

population

Answer 3

group of organisms of the same species sharing a particular space

Question 4

Species

Answer 4

Similar and related populations

Species (not individuals) are basic units of systematics & basis of classification

Question 5

Viviparous

Answer 5

producing living young (not eggs) that develop within the mother’s body.

Question 6

Oviparous

Answer 6

egg-laying

Question 7

Biological Species Concept

Answer 7

Species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Question 8

Genus

Answer 8

A group of closely related species or a group of species that have descended from a common ancestral group.

Question 9

Monophyletic

Answer 9

Contains the most recent common ancestor of the group and ALL the descendants

Question 10

Paraphyletic

Answer 10

Contains most recent common ancestor of the group but NOT ALL of the descendants

“para-“ = alongside, beside

Question 11

Polyphyletic

Answer 11

Does NOT contain the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group, implying multiple evolutionary origins

“poly-“ - many; multiple

Question 12

“phyl-“ or “phylo-“

Answer 12

tribe; clan

Question 13

What was Aristotle’s Classification system known as?

Answer 13

“A and not-A

The “A” Group - Animals w/ blood
(Viviparous/Oviparous quadrupeds, Fishes, Birds)

The “Not-A” Group - Animals w/o Blood
(Mollusk, Crustaceans, Testaceans, Insects)

Question 14

Before what year are all binomials published no considered invalid? Why?

Answer 14

1758; Linnaeus published his 10th ed of Systema Naturae which established the foundation for the binomial nomenclature

Question 15

When was the Origin of Species published? By whom?

Answer 15

Darwin in 1859

Question 16

What is Phenetic Classification

Answer 16

It is numerical classification which expanded in 1960’s. It argues that organisms should be classified by phenotypic (structural) characteristics even if it did not reflect the evolutionary history.

Does not strive to reflect lineages but rather “clumps” together organisms based on “overall” similarities

Question 17

Cladistics

Answer 17

systemic method that focuses on shared, derived traits. Recognizes only MONOphyletic taxa

Question 18

What are the 3 types of shared derived traits?

Answer 18

Synapomorphies
Plesiomorphy
Symplesiomorphies

Question 19

Synapomorphies

Answer 19

shared derived characteristics (shared by living organisms inherited from recent common ancestors

Question 20

Plesiomorphies

Answer 20

shared ancestral characteristics (primitive traits inherited from an ancestor)

Question 21

Symplesiomorphies

Answer 21

primitive traits shared by larger groups (inherited from an ancient common ancestor) that do not impart cladistic value