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BRS Phys > Ch 2 > Flashcards

Ch 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What neurotransmitter is secreted at the postganglionic synapse in sympathetic innervation to the sweat glands?

A

Ach (NOT NE!)

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2
Q

What neurotransmitter is secreted at the ganglion in parasympathetic neurons?

A

Ach

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3
Q

What receptor exists at the ganglion in ALL autonomic neurons?

A

Nicotinic

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4
Q

What receptor exists on skeletal muscle at the NMJ?

A

Nicotinic

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5
Q

What neurotransmitter is secreted onto adrenal cells to promote release of NE/E?

A

Ach

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6
Q

What receptor exists at the effector organ in parasympathetic neurons?

A

Muscarinic M1: CNS
M2: Heart
M3: Glands, smooth muscle

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7
Q

What is the molecular effect of norepinephrine binding to an alpha-1 receptor?

A

Increased IP3/Calcium (Gq) (Makes sense - calcium is causing vasoconstriction through contraction of vascular smooth muscle).

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8
Q

What is the molecular effect of norepinephrine binding to an alpha-2 receptor?

A

Decreased cAMP (Gi)

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9
Q

What is the molecular effect of norepinephrine binding to a beta-1 receptor?

A

Increased cAMP (Gs)

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10
Q

What is the molecular effect of epinephrine binding to a beta-2 receptor?

A

Increased cAMP (Gs)

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11
Q

What is the molecular effect of Ach binding to a nicotinic receptor?

A

Opening of sodium and potassium channels (ligand gated ion channel)

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12
Q

What is the molecular effect of Ach binding to an M1 receptor?

A

Increased IP3/Ca (Gq)

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13
Q

What is the molecular effect of Ach binding to an M2 receptor?

A

Decreased cAMP (Gi)

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14
Q

What is the molecular effect of Ach binding to an M3 receptor?

A

Increased IP3/Ca (Gq)

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15
Q

What are the physiologic effects (4) of beta-1 receptor activation?

A

Increased HR, contractility, and AV nodal conduction. Increased renin secretion

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16
Q

What are the physiologic effects (4) of beta-2 receptor activation?

A

Respiratory bronchiole smooth muscle dilation Blood vessel dilation

Decreased GI motility

Bladder wall relaxation

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17
Q

What are the physiologic effects (3) of alpha-1 receptor activation?

A

Vascular smooth muscle contraction (vasoconstriction) Sphincter contraction

Activation of dilator pupillae (mydriasis)

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18
Q

What are the physiologic effects (2) of alpha-2 receptor activation?

A

Inhibition of norepinephrine release Decreased GI motility

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19
Q

What are the physiologic effects (3) of M2 receptor activation?

A

Decreased HR, contractility, and AV nodal conduction

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20
Q

What are the physiologic effects (4) of M3 receptor activation?

A

Increased GI motility Sphincter relaxation

Bronchial smooth muscle constriction

Bladder contraction

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21
Q

What are the physiologic effects of ocular muscarinic receptor activation?

A

Miosis Ciliary muscle contraction (lens fattens for near vision) Ciliary muscle contraction (lens fattens for near vision)

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22
Q

What are the physiologic effects of ocular beta receptor activation?

A

Increased secretion of aqueous humor (via ciliary epithelium)

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23
Q

How can you differentiate sympathetic from parasympathetic drugs given intraocularly?

A

Sympathetic drugs will ONLY affect pupil size (don’t act on ciliary muscle to change lens shape). They also affect aqueous humor production. Parasympathetic drugs will affect pupil size AND vision (due to action on ciliary muscle) Parasympathetic drugs will affect pupil size AND vision (due to action on ciliary muscle)

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24
Q

What is the function of the dorsal column system?

A

Relays sensations of fine touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception.

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25
Q

What is the function of the anterolateral system?

A

Relays sensations of temperature, pain, and light touch.

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26
Q

Trace the course of dorsal column fibers from periphery to cortex

A

1st order neurons have their cell body in the dorsal root and ascend ipsilaterally to the nucleus cuneatus or gracilis of the medulla. 2nd order neurons cross the midline in the medulla, ascend contralaterally in the medial lemniscus and synapse on the contralateral VPL thalamus

3rd order neurons end in the primary sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

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27
Q

Trace the course of anterolateral system fibers from periphery to cortex

A

1st order neurons have their cell body in the dorsal root, and synapse in the ipsilateral gray matter of the spinal cord. 2nd order neurons decussate immediately in the anterior white commissure of the spinal cord. They ascend contralaterally in the anterolateral spinal cord, and synapse on the VPL thalamus.

3rd order neurons end in the primary sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

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28
Q

Where does light focus with hyperopia?

A

Behind the retina (farsighted - correct with convex lens)

29
Q

Where does light focus with myopia?

A

In front of the retina (nearsighted- fix with concave lens)

30
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Age-related loss of accommodation power of the lens. The closest point on which one can focus by accommodation of the lens moves farther from the eye. Correct with a convex lens.

31
Q

What causes presbyopia?

A

Decreased lens elasticity with age - the lens can’t fatten to focus on near objects.

32
Q

What is astigmatism and what type of lens corrects it?

A

Non-uniform curvature of the lens - correct with a cylindric lens.

33
Q

What cells transmit color vision?

A

Cones

34
Q

Why does vitamin A deficiency cause night blindness?

A

Vitamin A is necessary for regeneration of 11-cis rhodopsin, which is converted to all-trans rhodopsin when light hits the retina.

35
Q

What is the molecular response to an odorant binding an an olfactory receptor?

A

Increase in cAMP (Golf)

36
Q

What nerve innervates taste on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani of CN VII

37
Q

What do muscle spindles sense?

A

Changes in muscle length

38
Q

What nerve innervates taste on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

CN IX (back of throat is CN X)

39
Q

What brainstem nucleus is taste information relayed to?

A

Solitary nucleus (CN VII, IX, X)

40
Q

What do Golgi tendon organs sense?

A

Muscle tension

41
Q

What do Pacinian corpuscles sense?

A

Vibration

42
Q

What do free nerve endings detect?

A

Noxious stimuli

43
Q

Alpha motor neurons innervate which type of muscle fibers?

A

Extrafusal muscle fibers - they provide the force for muscle contraction

44
Q

Explain the physiology of the muscle stretch reflex

A

A muscle is stretched, stimulating group Ia fibers. Group Ia afferents synapse directly on the alpha-motor neurons in the spinal cord. Stimulation of alpha-motor neurons causes contraction in the muscle that was stretched. Afferents also synapse on interneurons, which cause relaxation of the antagonist of the muscle being contracted.

45
Q

Explain the physiology of the Golgi tendon reflex.

A

Active muscle contraction stimulates the Golgi tendon organs and group Ib afferent fibers. Group Ib afferents stimulate inhibitory interneurons on the spinal cord, which inhibit alpha-motor neurons and cause relaxation of the muscle that was contracted.

46
Q

What happens with the flexor withdrawal reflex?

A

Ipsilateral flexion and contralateral extension. This is elicited by pain (e.g. touching a hot stove, need to remove finger from stimulus).

47
Q

Stimulation of the rubrospinal tract (red nucleus) results in…

A

Stimulation of flexors and inhibition of extensors (causes arms-to-core positioning in decorticate posturing)

48
Q

Explain the anatomy of decorticate posturing

A

Lesion very high in the brainstem, but above the red nucleus knocks out the corticospinal tract. The pontine (medial) reticulospinal tract causes extension of the lower limbs.

The rubrospinal tract (red nucleus) causes flexion of the upper limbs.

49
Q

Stimulation of the lateral vestibulospinal tract results in…

A

Stimulation of extensors and inhibition of flexors

50
Q

The tectospinal tract is involved in…

A

Control of neck muscles (more like NECKtospinal tract, right?)

51
Q

Stimulation of the pontine (medial) reticulospinal tract results in…

A

Stimulatory effect on both extensors and flexors (causes lower limb extension in decorticate/decerebrate posturing)

52
Q

Explain the anatomy of decerebrate posturing.

A

Caused by a lesion (in the midbrain) above the pontine (medial) reticular formation, but below the red nucleus. Pontine (medial) reticular formation causes extension of the lower limbs.

Absence of rubrospinal tract = no upper limb flexion = upper limb extension.

53
Q

What will happen to reflexes immediately after spinal cord injury?

A

Will be absent due to spinal shock. Eventually will progress to hyperreflexia.

54
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Controls balance and eye movement

55
Q

What is the function of the pontocerebellum?

A

Plans/initiates movement

56
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellum?

A

Controls rate, force, range, and direction of movement

57
Q

Which cells are the output cells from the cerebellum?

A

Purkinje cells

58
Q

Output of cerebellar Purkinje cells is always…

A

Inhibitory (GABAergic)

59
Q

What is the function of the basal nuclei?

A

Plans and executes smooth movements by modulating thalamic outflow.

60
Q

Lesions to the subthalamic nucleus produce…

A

Contralateral hemiballismus

61
Q

Which EEG waves predominate in adults with eyes open? Closed?

A

Open - beta Closed - alpha

62
Q

Which hemisphere is usually dominant with respect to language?

A

Left

63
Q

Which lobe of the hypothalamus causes shivering?

A

Posterior lobe

64
Q

Which lobe of the hypothalamus causes heat loss?

A

Anterior lobe (A/C - Anterior causes causes Cooling)

65
Q

How do pyrogens cause a fever?

A

They increase the set point temperature of the hypothalamus

66
Q

How does IL-1 cause a fever?

A

It increases prostaglandin production in the anterior hypothalamus, which increases the set point temperature.

67
Q

What is the length constant?

A

The distance at which an originating action potential decreases to 37% its original amplitude. Myelin increases the length constant.

68
Q

What is the time constant?

A

The time it takes for a change in membrane potential to achieve 63% of the new value .Lower time constant = quicker changes in membrane potential = increased conduction speed.

BRS Phys (6 decks)

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