Ch 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the 3 letters of the DNA alphabet

A

A C T J

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2
Q

a group of 3 bases is called

A

codons

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3
Q

genes combine into large rod like structures called

A

chromosomes

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4
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do we have

A

23

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5
Q

how many total chromosomes do we have

A

46

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6
Q

meiosis creates sex cells called

A

gametes

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7
Q

germ cells divide into 4 ______ cells

A

daughter

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8
Q

if a sperm with an X chromosomes fertilizes an egg, the offspring will be a

A

girl

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9
Q

some differences arise from _____ ,or when parts of chromosomes get rearranged with parts of other chromosomes

A

translocation

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10
Q

sometimes there are sections of the chromosomes that _____ each other and create new genetic combinations in the new cells

A

crossover

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11
Q

the only 2 individuals who can share the same chromosomes

A

identical twins

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12
Q

the other name for identical twins

A

monozygotic twins

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13
Q

what type of alleles make the effect of any other allele of the same gene

A

dominant

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14
Q

what type of alleles only show up if both parents pass them on to their child

A

recessive

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15
Q

what type of alleles are both expressed in a child

A

codominant

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16
Q

genetic disorders can be dominant, recessive and

A

sex linked

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17
Q

sometimes geographic and _____ backgrounds make people prone to certain genetic disorders

A

ethnic

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18
Q

some disorders occur as a result of random errors involving an incorrect number of

A

chromosomes

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19
Q

who can educate people about genetic disorders before or after pregnancy

A

genetic counselors

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20
Q

what type of test can doctors run to determine people’s risk factors or current conditions

A

screening tests

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21
Q

what describes a persons dominant and recessive genes

A

genotype

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22
Q

a persons location, diet , how they are treated by others, and other factors called

A

their environment

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23
Q

a persons _____ is the way in which all of a persons traits are expressed

A

phenotype

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24
Q

development

A

the origins of the genetic structures that determine embryos

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25
Q

Heredity

A

transmissions of traits and characteristics from parent to child by genes

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26
Q

genetics

A

the study of genes or heredity

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27
Q

1 egg meets 1 sperm and 1 zygote splits into 2

A

monozygotic twins or identical twins

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28
Q

2 eggs meets 2 sperms and share only 50 percent of genetic material

A

Dizygotic twins or fraternal twins

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29
Q

chance of twins increases

A

with maternal age or use of fertility drugs

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30
Q

Genetic counseling

A

addresses chances of genetic abnormalities

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31
Q

Amniocentesis

A

performed between 14-16 weeks

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32
Q

ultrasound

A

tracks fetal growth and determines age, sex and structural care

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33
Q

conception

A

egg and sperm meet succesfully

34
Q

what are some causes of fertility problems

A

low sperm count, deformed sperm, any thing that impacts you from getting pregnant

35
Q

artificial insemination

A

sperm injected into uterus (think turkey baster)

36
Q

In Vitro Fertlization

A

egg and sperm are fertilized in a dish then implanted in the uterus

37
Q

Surrogates

A

carries the baby for someone else, not biologically theirs

38
Q

adoption

A

last option for having children

39
Q

Germinal State

A

period from conceptions (2 weeks)

40
Q

how many hours does the zygote begin dividing

A

36

41
Q

how long does the zygote wander in the uterus before implanting

A

3-4 days

42
Q

how long does implantation take

A

1 week or so

43
Q

other name for miscarriage

A

spontaneous abortion

44
Q

when do most miscarriages occur

A

in the 1st 3 months

45
Q

what is an ectopic pregnancy

A

when the zygote attaches to the fallopian tube instead of implanting in the uterus

46
Q

when is the embryo stage

A

week 3 to 8

47
Q

cephalocaudal

A

head develops before everything else (big head)

48
Q

Proximodistal

A

development from central axis to outward ( limbs)

49
Q

Where is the Ectoderm located on the embryonic disc

A

outer layer

50
Q

what does the ectoderm develop

A

nervous system, hair, nails

51
Q

where is the endoderm located on the embryonic disc

A

inner layer

52
Q

what does the endoderm develop

A

pancreas, liver, digestive system

53
Q

where is the mesoderm located on the embryonic stage

A

middle layer

54
Q

what does mesoderm develop

A

reproductive system, circulatory system, muscles, skeletons

55
Q

what is an amniotic sac

A

the clear membrane that protects the fetus and filters between both blood streams

56
Q

what is a placenta

A

provides oxygen and nutrients to the fetus

57
Q

what connects the fetus to the placenta

A

the umbilical cord

58
Q

when is the fetal stage

A

3rd month through birth

59
Q

what can the fetus do during the 2nd trimister

A

open and shut eyes, sucks thumbs, responds to light and sounds

60
Q

what can the fetus do during the 3rd trimister

A

gain weight and length, heart and lungs increase capability, turns upside down

61
Q

when does the fetus begin to move

A

during the 4th and 5th month

62
Q

what are teratogens

A

agents that can harm the fetus during pregnancy

63
Q

examples of some teratogens

A

malnutrition, obesity, STIs, drugs, alchol, HIV, pre eclampsia

64
Q

what is pre eclampsia

A

when your blood pressure is too high so baby must be born asap to relive

65
Q

what is Rh

A

where mothers own body tries to attack the fetus

66
Q

how can doctors make sure that babies don’t contract their mothers HIV

A

through a controlled c- section or vaginally by slamming baby with medication after delivery

67
Q

how can doctors help mothers with Rh incompatibility

A

by giving mothers shots that trick the body into not attacking the fetus

68
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

69
Q

what is mitosis

A

the cell division process by which growth occurs and tissues are replaced

70
Q

where are sperm and ova produced

A

testes and ovaries

71
Q

people who bear 1 dominant and 1 recessive are called

A

carriers

72
Q

what syndrome does people that have the 21st pair of chromosomes has an extra , or 3rd chromosome

A

down syndrome or trisomy 21

73
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU) is transmitted by what type of gene

A

recessive

74
Q

sickle cell anemia is caused by what type of gene

A

recessive

75
Q

what is fertlization

A

the union of ovum and sperm

76
Q

what is the most common reason in women to be infertile

A

failure to ovulate

77
Q

what percent of overlap do parents and children have in their endowment

A

50

78
Q

development from infancy to puberty is ?

A

child

79
Q

what age is infancy

A

1st 2 years of life

80
Q

what ages are early childhood

A

ages 2 to 5

81
Q

what ages are middle childhood

A

ages 6 to 12

82
Q

what does tabula mean

A

a blank tablet or clean slate