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Lifespan Development > Ch. 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Genotype

A

An individual’s unique genetic information

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2
Q

Phenotype

A

An individual’s directly observable characteristics

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3
Q

Fraternal twins

A

Dizygotic, two zygotes

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4
Q

Identical twins

A

monozygotic, one zygote that divides in two

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5
Q

Dominant-Recessive Inheritance

A

Only the dominant allele affects characteristics but recessive allele can also be passed down and can cause disabilities and diseases.

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6
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Both alleles present in phenotype resulting in a combined trait

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7
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

Affects height, weight, intelligence, personality

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8
Q

Chromosomal Abnormalities

A

-down syndrome (21st chromosome pair fails to separate during miosis)
-sex chromosome abnormalities (problems w X or Y chromosomes - short neck, flat face, small feet/hands)

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9
Q

Genetic Counseling

A

Helps assess risk of hereditary disorders

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10
Q

Pros of reproductive technology

A

donor insemination, IVF, surrogates

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11
Q

Concerns of reproductive technology

A

-post-menopause birth
-selection of characteristics
-exploitation of financially needy women

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12
Q

Prenatal diagnostic methods

A

-amniocentesis, -ultrasound
-blood analysis
-ultrafast magnetic resonance
-preimplantation genetic diagnosis

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13
Q

Fetal medicine risks

A

complications, premature labor or miscarriage

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14
Q

Causes of difficulties in adoptees

A

-genetic predispositions
-stress of bio mom
-history of conflict-ridden familial relationships
-dissimilar to adoptive parents

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15
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A

years of education (S), income (E), prestige of one’s job (S)

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16
Q

SES is linked to:

A

-timing of marriage/parenthood
-family size
-values and expectations for child
-communication and discipline style
-child’s cognitive and social development

17
Q

Risks of poverty

A

-lifelong poor physical health
-poor cognitive and academic achievement
-mental illness
-aggression
-hostile family

18
Q

Risks of affluence

A

-poor academic achievement
-alcohol/drug use
-delinquency
-mental illness
-unavailable parents

19
Q

Benefits of a neighborhood

A

-offers resources and social ties
-impact on economically disadvantaged
-in/after-school programs

20
Q

Impact of schooling

A

-complex social systems
-doing well in elementary/high school crucial to college success
-children in low SES neighborhoods likely to have poorer education
-parental involvement aids academic achievement

21
Q

Cultural context

A

US culture (emphasizes independence, self-reliance, family privacy) vs subcultures (enhances resilience and child-rearing)

22
Q

Benefits of the African American extended family

A

-reduces stress of poverty
-family helps with child rearing
-teen moms more likely to complete HS
-improves child’s school and social life
-strengthens family bonds

23
Q

Collectivism

A

stress group goals over individual goals, value interdependent qualities (i.e social harmony)

24
Q

Individualism

A

Concern with personal needs, value independence (i.e personal achievement)

25
Q

US Public Policy shortcomings

A

children: lack affordable health insurance, weak enforcement of child support, high dropout rates
other adults: limited social service funding, social security minimum below poverty line

26
Q

Behavioral Genetics

A

-explores contributions of nature/nurture to diversity of human traits
-limited to impact of heredity on complex characteristics indirectly

27
Q

Heritability Estimates

A

-measures which differences in complex traits are due to heredity
-obtained from kinship studies
-estimates range from 0-1.00
-limitations: may not represent the population

28
Q

Gene-Environment Interaction

A

-people respond differently to same environment because of genetic makeup
-similar responses can result from different gene-environment combinations

29
Q

Gene-Environment Correlation

A

-our genes influence the environments to which we’re exposed
-genes affect behavior and experiences

Lifespan Development (2 decks)

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