CH 2 Flashcards
Henry Beecher
-observed effects of placebos
-35% of patients showed improvement
nocebo effect
adverse effects of a placebo
what is a major effect of the placebo effect
expectancy
-culture
how do researchers know a treatment is effective
treatment must show higher rate of effectiveness than a placebo
cross sectional studies
-conducted only at one point in time
-group of people studied from at least 2 different age groups
What is a problem with cross sectional studies
no information about changes in individuals over a period of time
ex post facto design
-contrasts groups to determine differences
-no manipulation of independent variables
epidemiology
branch of medicine that investigates factors contributing to health and disease in a particular population
-identifies risk factors
what are 2 important concepts in epidemiology
1.) prevalence
2.) incidence
what are the 2 methods used for research in epidemiology
1.) observational studies
2.) randomized controlled trials
what are 2 observational methods
1.) retrospective studies
2.) prospective studies
retrospective studies
-group of large people already experiencing disease or disorder
-look backward for characteristics that are different from people who don’t have that problem
-cases compared with controls
prospective studies
-start with population of disease free participants
-follow over period of time to determine if given factor is related to later health condition
-longitudinal
what are the methods for conveying risk
1.) absolute risk
2.) relative risk
absolute risk
persons chances of developing a disease or disorder independent of any other risk that other people may have for disease or disorder
