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micro exam #1 review > ch 2 > Flashcards

ch 2 Flashcards

1
Q

wavelength

A

distance between peaks

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2
Q

amplitude

A

height of each peak

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3
Q

frequency

A

rate of vibration of wave or the number of wavelengths

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4
Q

what is the refraction index ?

A

degree of change in transmission speed

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5
Q

refraction?

A

if light enters a substance with a HIGHER refractive index it SLOWS DOWN and bends TOWARDS the normal lint (AWAY from the boundary)

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6
Q

what occurs with a convex lens ?

A

meets a focal point
ex: glasses, contact lenses

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7
Q

what occurs with a concave lens?

A

refracts light away from a focal point
ex: flashing light
CAVE=FLASHLIGHT

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8
Q

what is contrast?

A

create of stark difference in COLOR

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9
Q

what is resolution?

A

ability to tell that two separate points or objects are separate
number of pixels

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10
Q

who used a compound microscope ?

A

galileo galilei

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11
Q

who used the 1st simple microscope?

A

leeuwenhoek

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12
Q

who coined the term cells?

A

robert hooke

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13
Q

what adjusts the light intensity on a bright field microscope ?

A

rheostat

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14
Q

bright field microscope

A

produces an image on a bright background

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15
Q

dark field

A

-producing a brighter image on a dark background
- useful for viewing live specimens

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16
Q

phase contrast

A

-high contrast
-high resolution
-w/o staining
-used for viewing live specimens and structures such as endospores and organelles

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17
Q

differential interference contrast (DIC)

A

-3d appearance
-makes it useful in distinguishing structures within live, unstained specimens
-images reveal detailed structures within cells

18
Q

fluorescence

A

-uses fluorescent stains
-distinguish between living from dead cells
-or to find locations of particular molecules within a cell

19
Q

confocal

A

-uses a laser to scan multiple a planes
-useful for examining thick specimens such as biofilms

20
Q

two photon

A

Uses a scanning technique fluorochromes and long wavelength light (infrared) to penetrate deep into taking specimens such as biofilms 

21
Q

transmission (TEM)

A

Uses electron beams that passed through a specimen to visualize small images; useful to observe small thin specimens such as tissue sections and subcellular structure

22
Q

Scanning (SEM)

A

uses electron beams to visualize surfaces; useful to observe the 3d surface details of specimens

23
Q

scanning tunneling (STM)

A

Works best on conducting material but can also be used to tell me organic materials such as DNA

24
Q

atomic force (AFM)

A

Useful to observe specimens at the atomic level and can be more easily used with non-conducting samples

25
Q

wet mount

A

good for viewing a life specimen

26
Q

fixed mount

A

smear; good for staining

27
Q

basic stain

A

-Positively charged ions
-basic fuchsin crystal violet, malachite green, safranin methylene blue

28
Q

acid stain

A

-Negatively charged ions
-eosin, Rose Bengal, acid fuchsin

29
Q

Positive stain

A

Dye/scene is absorbed into the cell

30
Q

negative stain

A

dye/stain is absorbed into background

31
Q

Simple stains

A

-Single stain
-emphasizes structures

32
Q

Differential stain

A

-Differentiates organism based on stain interactions
-2+ stains

33
Q

Gram stain

A

-Distinguishes different cell wall components
-Important clinical diagnostic tool
-steps include: Heat fix smear, primary stain with crystal violet, Mordant which is iodine, decolorizer which is alcohol and finally counterstain with safranin 

34
Q

Gram-positive cell wall

A

Has a thick Peptidoglycogen which then means that it is able to absorb the crystal violet hence the turning of purple of gram-positive cells

35
Q

Gram-negative cell walls

A

Has a thin peptidoglycan wall 

36
Q

Acid fast stain

A

-Diagnostic tool for detection of my colic acid and mycobacterium spp.
-steps: heat fix smear, Primary stain (carbolfuschin), decolorizer, counter stain (methylene blue)

37
Q

Capsule stain

A

-Diagnostic tool for detection of protective coating
-Dyes does not penetrate capsule
-steps: no heat smear, primary stain (india ink)

38
Q

Endospore stain

A

-Identification of endospore formers
-schaeffer fulton method: Uses he to push the primary stain into the endospores 
-steps: heat fix smear, primary stain (malachite green), decolorizer (water), counter stain (safranin)
-Important for identifying bacillus and clostridium

39
Q

Flagella stain

A

-Identification of flagella appendages
-bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
-steps: No heat smear, primary stain (specialized), decolorizer (water), counterstain (carbol fuschin)

40
Q

TEM

A

-Samples Annalise must have very thin sections
-Specimen embedded in plastic resin and dehydrated
-stained with electron dense heavy metals

41
Q

SEM

A

-More dehydrated-critical point drying with liquid CO2
-Sputter coated with metal

micro exam #1 review (4 decks)

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