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BMB 401 > Ch. 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

acid dissociation constant (Ka)

A

the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of an acid

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2
Q

acidosis

A

a metabolic condition of low pH (usually of the blood), reducing the body’s ability to buffer H+

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3
Q

adenylate system

A

a group of several phosphoryl transfer reactions that interconvert ATP, ADP, and AMP

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4
Q

aerobic respiration

A

a set of metabolic processes and reactions that uses oxygen to generate ATP

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5
Q

alkalosis

A

a metabolic condition of high pH (usually of the blood), reducing the body’s ability to buffer H+

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6
Q

anabolic pathway

A

a metabolic pathway for the biosynthesis of biomolecules from smaller precursors

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7
Q

biochemical standard free energy change (deltaG)

A

the amount of energy needed to go from the biochemical standard conditions at constant pressure (1 atm, or 101.3 kPa), temperature (298 K), pH 7, and 55.5 M concentration of H2O, where all reactants and products are present initially at 1 M concentrations, to the condition at which all reactants and products have reached equilibrium concentrations

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8
Q

bioenergetics

A

energy conversion processes in biological systems, including transformation of solar energy into chemical energy and interconversion of chemical energy through oxidation and reduction of organic molecules

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9
Q

biological membrane

A

a physical barrier in a living system, most often consisting of nonpolar molecules with hydrophobic properties to partition aqueous compartments

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10
Q

biosphere

A

all the living organisms on earth, considered as a whole

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11
Q

bomb calorimeter

A

a device in which a compound is combusted by a spark at constant volume in the presence of pure oxygen (completely oxidized); the amount of heat exchanged between the reaction chamber and a surrounding water jacket is a measure of enthalpy change

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12
Q

buffer

A

an aqueous solution that resist changes in pH because of the protonation or deprotonation of an acid-base conjugate pair

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13
Q

calorie (cal)

A

a unit of energy; the amount of heat energy required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree C using a calorimeter; a Calorie is 10^3 calories, or 1 kilocalorie (kcal), which is equal to 4.184 kilojoules (kJ)

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14
Q

carbon fixation

A

the conversion of carbon dioxide into other organic compounds, particularly glucose; often considered as part of photosynthesis

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15
Q

catabolic pathway

A

a metabolic pathway that converts energy-rich compounds into energy-depleted compounds, releasing energy for the cell

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16
Q

colligative properties

A

physical properties of a solution that depend on the number of solute particles, such as freezing-point depression or osmotic pressure

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17
Q

conjugate base

A

the deprotonated species of an acid; the anion of a weak acid

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18
Q

contractile vacuole

A

an organelle in some unicellular organisms that helps regulate osmosis by collecting and expelling water from the cell

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19
Q

endergonic

A

a chemical reaction that requires energy and is unfavorable in the direction written; it has a deltaG > 0

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20
Q

endomembrane system

A

an intracellular network of lipid bilayers that is used to exchange material through vesicle transport

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21
Q

endothermic

A

a reaction that absorbs heat, and deltaH > 0

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22
Q

energy charge (EC)

A

a measure of the energy state of a cell in terms of ATP, ADP, and AMP ratios:

EC= ([ATP]+ 0.5[ADP]) / ([ATP]+[ADP]+[AMP])

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23
Q

enthalpy (H)

A

the heat content of a system

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24
Q

entropy

A

a measure of the spreading of energy; also a measure of the disorder (randomness) in a system

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25
Q

equilibrium

A

the state of a system in which no net change occurs

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26
Q

equilibrium constant (Keq)

A

a measure of the directionality of a reaction under standard conditions, where all products and reactants start at 1 M and proceed to their equilibrium concentration

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27
Q

equivalent

A

the amount of base (OH-) needed to deprotonate an acid; the amount of substance that will react with 1 mol of electrons in a redox reaction

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28
Q

erythrocyte

A

a red blood cell; contains hemoglobin for oxygen transport in an organism

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29
Q

exergonic

A

a chemical reaction that releases energy and is favorable in the direction written; it has a deltaG < 0

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30
Q

exothermic

A

a reaction that releases heat, and deltaH < 0

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31
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

in any physical or chemical change, the total amount of energy in the universe remains the same, even though the form of energy may change

32
Q

flippase

A

a membrane protein that uses energy available from ATP hydrolysis to catalyze phospholipid flipping

33
Q

gibbs free energy (G)

A

a measure of the spontaneity of a reaction, defined as the difference between the enthalpy and entropy of a system at a given temperature (G=H-TS)

34
Q

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

A

a useful relationship between pH and pKa:

pH= (pKa + log [A-])/ ([HA])

35
Q

heterotroph

A

an organism that cannot convert solar energy to chemical energy directly but must depend on nutrients obtained from autotrophs and other heterotrophs as a source of energy

36
Q

homeostasis

A

the use of energy to maintain a dynamic steady state of an organism that can adjust to changing environmental conditions

37
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a weak noncovalent bond in which hydrogen is shared between two electronegative atoms

38
Q

hydrogen ion (H+)

A

a proton; the cation of water and a key component of biochemical reactions

39
Q

hydronium ion (H30-)

A

a hydrated hydrogen ion

40
Q

hydrophilic

A

polar molecules with an attraction for hydrogen bonds to water

41
Q

hydrophobic

A

nonpolar molecules that tend to pack close together away from water

42
Q

hydroxide ion (OH-)

A

the anion of water; a key component of biochemical reactions

43
Q

hypertonic

A

a solution with a higher solute concentration than that of another solution, such as the solution inside a cell

44
Q

hypotonic

A

a solution with a lower solute concentration than that of another solution, such as the solution inside a cell

45
Q

ionic interaction

A

a weak interaction between oppositely charged atoms or groups

46
Q

isoform

A

functionally distinct proteins transcribed from the same gene

47
Q

isotonic

A

a solution with the same solute concentration as that of another solution, such as the solution inside a cell

48
Q

isozyme

A

functionally related enzymes encoded by different genes

49
Q

joule (J)

A

the SI unit of energy; the amount of work done (or energy transferred) when a force of 1 newton displaces an object by 1 meter in the direction of the force

50
Q

le chateliers principle

A

the equilibrium of a reaction shifts in the direction that reduces change resulting from altered reactant concentration, temperature, pressure, or volume

51
Q

liposome

A

a spherical vesicle bounded by a lipid bilayer and containing an aqueous center

52
Q

micelle

A

a structure in which hydrophobic tails are in the center of a globular sphere and polar head groups face outward toward aqueous solvent

53
Q

osmolarity

A

the concentration of solute molecules in 1 L of solvent

54
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of solvent molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration

55
Q

osmotic pressure

A

a difference in pressure across a semipermeable membrane caused by osmosis across the membrane

56
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

a metabolic pathway that oxidizes nutrients, particularly glucose, to generate ATP from ADP

57
Q

pH

A

the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration of an aqueous solution

58
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

a component of biological membranes in which hydrophilic polar head groups orient toward the aqueous environment and hydrophobic nonpolar hydrocarbon tails form a water-impermeable barrier in the interior of the membrane

59
Q

phosphorylation potential (deltaGp)

A

the change in free energy of ATP hydrolysis inside a cell

60
Q

photooxidation

A

oxidation caused by light; used particularly for oxidation of chlorophyll, resulting in the transfer of an electron from chlorophyll to an acceptor molecule such as pheophytin

61
Q

photophosphorylation

A

the conversion of ADP to ATP coupled to the transfer of electrons in photosynthesis

62
Q

photosynthesis

A

the use of solar energy to oxidize water, capture chemical energy, and generate oxygen

63
Q

photosynthetic autotroph

A

an organism that can use photosynthesis to oxidize water and produce oxygen, generating chemical energy in the form of glucose

64
Q

pKa

A

acid dissociation constant expressed as a negative logarithm, similar to pH

65
Q

polyprotic acid

A

a weak acid with more than one dissociable H+; amino acids such as glutamate and aspartate are polyprotic acids

66
Q

proton hopping

A

a series of hydrogen-bond exchanges between adjacent H2O molecules leading to the transient formation of hydronium ions (H3O+)

67
Q

redox reaction

A

an oxidation-reduction reaction in which electrons are transferred from a compound of lower reduction potential (more negative) to one of higher reduction potential (more positive) as in the electron transport system

68
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

in the absence of an energy input, all spontaneous processes in the universe tend toward dispersal of energy (disorder), and moreover, the measure of this disorder, called entropy, is always increasing in the universe

69
Q

solar energy

A

energy produced through thermonuclear reactions in the sun

70
Q

standard free energy change (deltaG)

A

a reference point for comparing chemical reactions under a defined set of conditions (1 atm pressure, 298 K, 1 M concentrations of reactants and products)
delta G= deltaH - T delta S

71
Q

titration curve

A

a plot of experimental data showing the pH of a solution as a function of the amount of base added

72
Q

van der Waals interaction

A

a weak interaction between the dipoles of nearby electrically neutral molecules

73
Q

van der Waals radius

A

the optimal distance between neutral atoms for van der Waals interactions, resulting in the lowest potential energy

74
Q

water ionization constant (Kw)

A

the dissociation constant for water

75
Q

weak acid

A

an acid that is only partially ionized in aqueous solution

BMB 401 (6 decks)

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