Ch 2

Question 1

matter

Answer 1

anything that occupies space and has mass

Question 2

mass

Answer 2

a measurement of the amount of matter an object contains

Question 3

atom

Answer 3

the smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of an element

Question 4

element

Answer 4

a substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components

Question 5

periodic table

Answer 5

a chart of all chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties

Question 6

molecules

Answer 6

a particle that contains more than one atom

Question 7

compounds

Answer 7

a molecule containing more than one element

Question 8

atomic number

Answer 8

the number of protons in the nucleus of a particular element

Question 9

mass number

Answer 9

a measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element

Question 10

half-life

Answer 10

the time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay

Question 11

covalent bonds

Answer 11

the bond that formed when elements share electrons

Question 12

ionic bonds

Answer 12

a chemical bond between two ions of opposite charges

Question 13

hydrogen bond

Answer 13

a weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom on another molecule

Question 14

polar molecule

Answer 14

a molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative

Question 15

surface tension

Answer 15

a property of water that results from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water and that creates a sort of skin on the water’s surface

Question 16

capillary action

Answer 16

a property of water that occurs when adhesion of water molecules to a surface is stronger than cohesion between the molecules

Question 17

acid

Answer 17

a substance that contributes hydrogen ions to a solution

Question 18

base

Answer 18

a substance that contributes hydroxide ions to a solution

Question 19

ocean acidification

Answer 19

an increase in the acidity of the oceans

Question 20

chemical reaction

Answer 20

a reaction that occurs when atoms separate from molecules or recombine with other molecules

Question 21

law of conservation of matter

Answer 21

a law of nature stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change form

Question 22

inorganic compounds

Answer 22

a compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen

Question 23

inorganic compounds

Answer 23

a compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen

Question 24

organic compound

Answer 24

a compound that contains carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds

Question 25

carbohydrates

Answer 25

a compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

Question 26

proteins

Answer 26

a critical component of living organisms made up of a long chain of nitrogen-containing organic molecules known as amino acid

Question 27

nucleic acids

Answer 27

organic compounds found in all living cells

Question 28

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 28

a nucleic acid, the genetic material that contains the code for reproducing the components of the next generation, and which organisms pass on to their offspring

Question 29

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Answer 29

a nucleic acid that translates the code stored in DNA, which makes possible the synthesis of proteins

Question 30

lipids

Answer 30

smaller biological molecules that do not mix with water

Question 31

cell

Answer 31

a highly organized living entity that consists of the four types of macromolecules and other substances in a watery solution, surrounded by a membrane

Question 32

energy

Answer 32

the ability to do work or transfer heat

Question 33

joule

Answer 33

the amount of energy used when a 1-watt electrical device is turned on for 1 second

Question 34

power

Answer 34

the rate at which work is done

Question 35

electromagnetic radiation

Answer 35

a form of energy emitted by the Sun that includes, but is not limited to, visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared energy

Question 36

photons

Answer 36

a massless packet of energy that carries electromagnetic radiation at the speed of light

Question 37

potential energy

Answer 37

stored energy that has not been released

Question 38

chemical energy

Answer 38

potential energy stored in chemical bonds

Question 39

kinetic energy

Answer 39

the energy of motion

Question 40

temperature

Answer 40

the measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance

Question 41

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 41

a physical law which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can change from one form to another

Question 42

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 42

the physical law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes

Question 43

energy efficiency

Answer 43

the ratio of the amount of energy expended in the form you want to the total amount of energy that is introduced into the system

Question 44

energy quality

Answer 44

the ease with which an energy source can be used for work

Question 45

entropy

Answer 45

randomness in a system

Question 46

open system

Answer 46

a system in which exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries

Question 47

closed system

Answer 47

a system in which matter and energy exchanges do not occur across boundaries

Question 48

inputs

Answer 48

an addition to a system

Question 49

outputs

Answer 49

a loss from a system

Question 50

systems analysis

Answer 50

an analysis to determine inputs, outputs, and changes in a system under various conditions

Question 51

steady state

Answer 51

a state in which inputs equal outputs, so that the system is not changing over time

Question 52

negative feedback loop

Answer 52

a feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring

Question 53

positive feedback loop

Answer 53

a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified

Question 54

adaptive management plan

Answer 54

a plan that applies flexibility so that managers can modify it as change occurs

Question 55

isotopes

Answer 55

atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Question 56

radioactive decay

Answer 56

the spontaneous release of material from the nucleus of radioactive isotopes