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AP Environmental Science 1/2 > Ch 2 > Flashcards

Ch 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

mass

A

a measurement of the amount of matter an object contains

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3
Q

atom

A

the smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of an element

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4
Q

element

A

a substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components

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5
Q

periodic table

A

a chart of all chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties

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6
Q

molecules

A

a particle that contains more than one atom

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7
Q

compounds

A

a molecule containing more than one element

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8
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of a particular element

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9
Q

mass number

A

a measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element

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10
Q

half-life

A

the time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay

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11
Q

covalent bonds

A

the bond that formed when elements share electrons

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12
Q

ionic bonds

A

a chemical bond between two ions of opposite charges

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13
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom on another molecule

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14
Q

polar molecule

A

a molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative

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15
Q

surface tension

A

a property of water that results from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water and that creates a sort of skin on the water’s surface

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16
Q

capillary action

A

a property of water that occurs when adhesion of water molecules to a surface is stronger than cohesion between the molecules

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17
Q

acid

A

a substance that contributes hydrogen ions to a solution

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18
Q

base

A

a substance that contributes hydroxide ions to a solution

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19
Q

ocean acidification

A

an increase in the acidity of the oceans

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20
Q

chemical reaction

A

a reaction that occurs when atoms separate from molecules or recombine with other molecules

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21
Q

law of conservation of matter

A

a law of nature stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change form

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22
Q

inorganic compounds

A

a compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen

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23
Q

inorganic compounds

A

a compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen

24
Q

organic compound

A

a compound that contains carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds

25
Q

carbohydrates

A

a compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

26
Q

proteins

A

a critical component of living organisms made up of a long chain of nitrogen-containing organic molecules known as amino acid

27
Q

nucleic acids

A

organic compounds found in all living cells

28
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

a nucleic acid, the genetic material that contains the code for reproducing the components of the next generation, and which organisms pass on to their offspring

29
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

a nucleic acid that translates the code stored in DNA, which makes possible the synthesis of proteins

30
Q

lipids

A

smaller biological molecules that do not mix with water

31
Q

cell

A

a highly organized living entity that consists of the four types of macromolecules and other substances in a watery solution, surrounded by a membrane

32
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work or transfer heat

33
Q

joule

A

the amount of energy used when a 1-watt electrical device is turned on for 1 second

34
Q

power

A

the rate at which work is done

35
Q

electromagnetic radiation

A

a form of energy emitted by the Sun that includes, but is not limited to, visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared energy

36
Q

photons

A

a massless packet of energy that carries electromagnetic radiation at the speed of light

37
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy that has not been released

38
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy stored in chemical bonds

39
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion

40
Q

temperature

A

the measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance

41
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

a physical law which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can change from one form to another

42
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

the physical law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes

43
Q

energy efficiency

A

the ratio of the amount of energy expended in the form you want to the total amount of energy that is introduced into the system

44
Q

energy quality

A

the ease with which an energy source can be used for work

45
Q

entropy

A

randomness in a system

46
Q

open system

A

a system in which exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries

47
Q

closed system

A

a system in which matter and energy exchanges do not occur across boundaries

48
Q

inputs

A

an addition to a system

49
Q

outputs

A

a loss from a system

50
Q

systems analysis

A

an analysis to determine inputs, outputs, and changes in a system under various conditions

51
Q

steady state

A

a state in which inputs equal outputs, so that the system is not changing over time

52
Q

negative feedback loop

A

a feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring

53
Q

positive feedback loop

A

a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified

54
Q

adaptive management plan

A

a plan that applies flexibility so that managers can modify it as change occurs

55
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

56
Q

radioactive decay

A

the spontaneous release of material from the nucleus of radioactive isotopes

AP Environmental Science 1/2 (2 decks)

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