Ch. 2 Flashcards
Write down at least 2 questions about human behavior
How can human behavior be changed so easily? To socially fit and belong-hierarchy of needs
What motivates humans to behave a certain way? fear and the need to fit and belong
Trephination
The practice of making a hole in the skull; allowed evil spirit to leave the body=curing mental illness/disorders
(TEST) Deductive Reasoning
Reasoning works from the more general to the more specific
ex: Theory to experiment
(TEST) Inductive Reasoning
Reasoning works from specific observations to the broader generalizations and theories
ex: you see fruit growing on trees and assume all fruit grows on trees
Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939)
First woman to earn PhD
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)
opposed behaviorist movement
-conducted research on memory and early experimental psychology labs in US
Francis Sumner (1895-1954)
First African American to earn a PhDin 1920
-Research interests in racial bias and educational justice
Founder of Howard University’s depaertment of psychology
Referred to as the “Father of Black Psychology”
Inez Beverly Prosser (1895-1934)
Theory
A well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
Hypothesis
Tentative and predict the relationship between two or more variables
Falsifiability
The assertion that for any hypothesis to have credit, it must be disprovable before it can become accepted as a scientific hypothesis or theory
Approaches to Research
- Clinical or case studies
- Naturalistic Observation
- Surveys
- Archival Research
- Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Research
Observer Bias
When observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations
Interrater Reliability
Assess the consistency of different raters’ observations
Clinical/Case studies
Focuses on one individual.
The studied individual is typically in an extreme or unique psychological circumstance that differentiates them from the general public
Surveys
Series of questions that can be used to gather a large amount of data from a sample of a larger population.
Archival Research
Uses past records or data sets to answer various research questions or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Research
Cross-Sectional Research - Compares multiple segments of a population at a single time (such as different age groups)
Longitudinal - Studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time (3-5 decades of research)
Attrition - Reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study)
Correlational Research
Correlation - Relationship between two or more variables
Correlation Coefficient - Number from -1 to +1
Positive Correlation - Two variables change in the same direction with both either becoming larger or smaller
Negative Correlation - Two variables change in different directions with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; no correlation
Correlation Does not = Causation
Cause-and-effect relationship - Changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable
Confounding variable - Unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest
Illusory Correlations
Illusory Correlations - Seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists
Confirmation Bias - Tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs
