Ch. 2

Question 1

Write down at least 2 questions about human behavior

Answer 1

How can human behavior be changed so easily? To socially fit and belong-hierarchy of needs
What motivates humans to behave a certain way? fear and the need to fit and belong

Question 2

Trephination

Answer 2

The practice of making a hole in the skull; allowed evil spirit to leave the body=curing mental illness/disorders

Question 3

(TEST) Deductive Reasoning

Answer 3

Reasoning works from the more general to the more specific

ex: Theory to experiment

Question 4

(TEST) Inductive Reasoning

Answer 4

Reasoning works from specific observations to the broader generalizations and theories

ex: you see fruit growing on trees and assume all fruit grows on trees

Question 5

Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939)

Answer 5

First woman to earn PhD

Question 6

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930)

Answer 6

opposed behaviorist movement

-conducted research on memory and early experimental psychology labs in US

Question 7

Francis Sumner (1895-1954)

Answer 7

First African American to earn a PhDin 1920
-Research interests in racial bias and educational justice
Founder of Howard University’s depaertment of psychology
Referred to as the “Father of Black Psychology”

Question 8

Inez Beverly Prosser (1895-1934)

Question 9

Theory

Answer 9

A well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

Question 10

Hypothesis

Answer 10

Tentative and predict the relationship between two or more variables

Question 11

Falsifiability

Answer 11

The assertion that for any hypothesis to have credit, it must be disprovable before it can become accepted as a scientific hypothesis or theory

Question 12

Approaches to Research

Answer 12

• Clinical or case studies
• Naturalistic Observation
• Surveys
• Archival Research
• Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Research

Question 13

Observer Bias

Answer 13

When observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations

Question 14

Interrater Reliability

Answer 14

Assess the consistency of different raters’ observations

Question 15

Clinical/Case studies

Answer 15

Focuses on one individual.
The studied individual is typically in an extreme or unique psychological circumstance that differentiates them from the general public

Question 16

Surveys

Answer 16

Series of questions that can be used to gather a large amount of data from a sample of a larger population.

Question 17

Archival Research

Answer 17

Uses past records or data sets to answer various research questions or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

Question 18

Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Research

Answer 18

Cross-Sectional Research - Compares multiple segments of a population at a single time (such as different age groups)

Longitudinal - Studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time (3-5 decades of research)

Attrition - Reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study)

Question 19

Correlational Research

Answer 19

Correlation - Relationship between two or more variables

Correlation Coefficient - Number from -1 to +1

Positive Correlation - Two variables change in the same direction with both either becoming larger or smaller

Negative Correlation - Two variables change in different directions with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; no correlation

Question 20

Correlation Does not = Causation

Answer 20

Cause-and-effect relationship - Changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable

Confounding variable - Unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest

Question 21

Illusory Correlations

Answer 21

Illusory Correlations - Seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists

Confirmation Bias - Tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs