CH 1A

Question 1

describe two central ideas of chemistry

Answer 1

1. Matter is made of particles
2. the structure of these particles determines the properties of matter

Question 2

Differences in the properties of these metal arise from what differences?

Answer 2

differences in the structure of their particles

Question 3

What are the three classifications of solid matter?

Answer 3

1. energy too low to overcome forces
2. tightly packed
3. fixed in place

Question 4

What are the three classifications of liquid matter?

Answer 4

1. energy sufficient to overcome some forces
2. closely packed
3. can move

Question 5

What are the three classifications of gaseous matter?

Answer 5

1. energy sufficient to overcome some forces
2. closely packed
3. can move

Question 6

what are the three classifications of gaseous matter?

Answer 6

1. energy sufficient to overcome all forces
2. widely spaced
3. freely move

Question 7

What particles make up matter?

Answer 7

atoms

Question 8

what are atoms?

Answer 8

smallest basic particle

Question 9

How many different types of particles are there?

Answer 9

118 (91 form naturally)

Question 10

what are the three fundamental particles of matter?

Answer 10

1. individual atoms
2. molecules
3. repeating unit of atoms

Question 11

give an example of individual atoms?

Answer 11

Helium (He)

Question 12

what is a molecule?

Answer 12

atoms bonded together in specific geometrical arrangements

Question 13

give an example of a molecule

Answer 13

Ozone O3, Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

Question 14

what are repeating units of atoms

Answer 14

repeating units of atoms are the consistent, repeating arrangement of atoms in a crystalline or structured form.

Question 15

give an example of repeating units of atoms

Answer 15

Sodium chloride (NaCl

Question 16

what is the difference between repeating units of atoms and molecules?

Answer 16

Repeating units of atoms refer to the pattern or arrangement of atoms in a material, particularly in solid forms.
Repeating units of molecules refer to the individual molecular units or monomers that repeat to form larger molecules like polymers.

Question 17

What is a pure substance?

Answer 17

a substance that contains one type of particle

Question 18

What are two types of pure substances?

Answer 18

elements and compounds

Question 19

What is an element?

Answer 19

a pure substance that can’t chemically break down into simpler substances

Question 20

What is a compound?

Answer 20

A pure substance composed of two or more elements bonded together in fixed definite proportions. (more than one type of atom bonded together)

Question 21

Can a compound be broken down?

Answer 21

Yes, compounds can be broken down into elements by a chemical reaction

Question 22

Give an example of compounds

Answer 22

Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Question 23

what is matter that isn’t made up of one particle?

Answer 23

Mixtures

Question 24

what are mixtures?

Answer 24

two or more pure substances blended together in proportions that can vary

Question 25

what are two types of mixtures?

Answer 25

heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures

Question 26

what are heterogeneous mixtures

Answer 26

mixings that are NOT uniform such that the composition isn't uniform.

Question 27

give an example of a heterogeneous mixture

Answer 27

sand, cereal in milk, oil and water,

Question 28

what are homogeneous mixtures

Answer 28

mixings that ARE uniform such that the composition is the same throughout

Question 29

what are examples of homogenous mixtures

Answer 29

Vega's drink, air, wine, coffee

Question 30

How do we know that matter is made of particles?

Answer 30

experimental evidence

Question 31

How do we know that matter is made of particles?

Answer 31

Experimental evidence

Question 32

Law of conservation of mass

Answer 32

mass of reactants equals the mass of the products for a chemical reaction

Question 33

law of definite proportions

Answer 33

In any given chemical compound, the elements are always combined in the same proportion by mass.

Question 34

law of multiple proportions

Answer 34

When two elements form more than one compound, the different masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in a ratio of small whole numbers.

Question 35

Lavoisier discovered . . .

Answer 35

the law of conservation of mass

Question 36

how did Lavoisier discover the law of conservation of mass

Answer 36

by inventing balances, allowing him to weigh the reactions before and afterwards. Shows that the mass was conserved

Question 37

Does the mass of reactants = the mass of products

Answer 37

Yes

Question 38

give an example of mass of reactant = mass of products

Answer 38

2HgO--> 2Hg + O2

Question 39

what are the four points of Dalton's atomic theory?

Answer 39

1. each element is composed of tiny indestructible particles called atoms 2. all atoms of a given element have the same mass and properties; these distinguish them from other elements. 3. Atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios to from compounds 4. Atoms of one element cannot change into atoms of another element. In a chemical reaction, atoms only change the way they are bound together with other atoms.

Question 40

Key characteristics of the scientific method are

Answer 40

observations formulation of hypotheses experimentation formulation of laws and theories

Question 41

A hypothesis is a

Answer 41

interpretation or explanation of the observations

Question 42

A scientific law

Answer 42

is a brief statement that summarizes past observations and predicts future ones. describes patterns

Question 43

Name a scientific law

Answer 43

law of conservation of mass

Question 44

A scientific theory is

Answer 44

formed from a well-established hypothesis or set of hypotheses. A theory tries to explain why a natural phenomenon happens. (greatest degree of certainty in science)

Question 45

name a scientific theory

Answer 45

dalton's atomic theory

Question 46

in science, a theory is

Answer 46

what scientist are MOST CERTAIN about

Question 47

Atoms are made up of what three subatomic particles

Answer 47

protons, neutrons, and electrons

Question 48

What is the mass of a proton

Answer 48

1.67262 x 10^-27

Question 49

What is the mass of a neutron

Answer 49

1.67262 x 10^-27

Question 50

what is the mass of a electron

Answer 50

0.00091x10^-27

Question 51

A proton's charge is

Answer 51

1+

Question 52

A neutron's charge is

Answer 52

0

Question 53

An electron's charge is

Answer 53

-1

Question 54

How are atoms arranged?

Answer 54

An atom is spherical, composed of a positively charged central nucleus surrounded by one or more negatively charged electrons

Question 55

atomic nucleus consists of

Answer 55

protons and neutrons

Question 56

Describe Rutherford's gold foil experiment

Answer 56

He took a gold foil and shot alpha particles through the foil. The alpha particles, upon shooting through, ended up passing through with little deflection. But a small fraction was very strongly deflected, due to encountering something very massive. Suggesting that there was a very small and concentrated volume of protons and neutrons.

Question 57

What was the predicted result of the rutherford's experiment

Answer 57

plum-pudding mode, where the particles are distributed evenly throughout

Question 58

What was the actual result of rutherford's experiment

Answer 58

nuclear model, where the protons and neutrons are centered in a small area

Question 59

What was the conclusion of rutherford's experiment

Answer 59

most of the atom is empty space with its mass largely concentrated in a tiny central core (nucleus)

Question 60

atomic number is

Answer 60

the number of protons in an atom

Question 61

mass number

Answer 61

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Question 62

ion

Answer 62

an atom with a net charge due to loss or gain of electrons

Question 63

isotopes

Answer 63

atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Question 64

mass number is located

Answer 64

on the top left of the chemical symbol

Question 65

atomic number is located

Answer 65

on the bottom left of the chemical number